Secure Computation of Two-party Multisets with Rational Numbers
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摘要: 集合的安全多方计算(SMC)在联合数据分析、敏感数据安全查询、数据可信交换等场景有着广泛的应用。该文基于有理数的几何编码，结合保密内积协议，首次提出了有理数域上两方多重集交集和并集的保密计算协议。应用模拟范例证明了协议在半诚实模型下的安全性，分别通过理论分析和仿真测试验证了协议的高效性。与现有协议相比，所设计协议无需给定包含所有集合元素的全集，可以保护集合势的隐私性，且在协议执行过程主要使用乘法运算，达到了信息论安全。Abstract: Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) of sets has wide applications in joint data analysis, secure search over sensitive data, data security exchange. Based on geometric coding of rational numbers and the scalar product protocol, two secure computation protocols for computing the intersection and the union of two multisets with private rational numbers are proposed for the first time. The simulation paradigm is used to prove the privacy- preserving properties of proposed protocols in the semi-honest model, and the protocols’ efficiency is verified by theoretical analysis and programming test. Compared with existing protocols, the proposed protocols do not need to specify a universal set, which can protect the privacy of set potential. Moreover, the multiplication operation is mainly used in the implementation of the protocols, which achieves the security of information theory.
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Key words:
- Secure computation /
- Multiset /
- Set operation /
- Scalar product protocol
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算法1 保密内积协议 输入：Alice和Bob分别输入私密向量${\boldsymbol{X}} = {({x_1},{x_2}, \cdots ,{x_n})^{\text{T}}}$和
$ {\boldsymbol{Y}} = {({y_1},{y_2}, \cdots ,{y_n})^{\text{T}}} $。输出：Alice输出内积$ {\boldsymbol{X}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{Y}} = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {{x_i}{y_i}} $。 (1)Alice和Bob共同生成一个$ n \times 1 $阶的矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{P}} $。 (2)Alice进行如下操作： (a)随机生成一个1维向量$ {\boldsymbol{R}}{\text{ = (}}r{\text{)}} $。 (b)计算$ n \times 1 $阶矩阵${\boldsymbol{X'}}$：${\boldsymbol{X'}} = {\boldsymbol{PR}}$。 (c)计算${\boldsymbol{X''}} = {\boldsymbol{X'}} + {\boldsymbol{X}}$，并将$ {\boldsymbol{X''}} $发送给Bob。 (3)Bob进行如下操作：
(a)计算内积$Z'$：$Z' = {\boldsymbol{X''} } \cdot {\boldsymbol{Y} } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n { { x''_i} } {y_i}$。(b)计算1阶矩阵${\boldsymbol{Y'}}$：${\boldsymbol{Y'}} = {{\boldsymbol{P}}^{\text{T}}}{\boldsymbol{Y}}$。 (c)将$Z'$和${\boldsymbol{Y'}}$发送给Alice。 (4)Alice进行如下操作：
(a)计算减法因子$Z''$：$ Z'' = {\boldsymbol{R}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{Y'}} = r\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {{p_i}{y_i}} $。(b)计算内积$Z$：$Z = Z' - Z''$。最后输出内积$ Z{\boldsymbol{ = X}} \cdot {\boldsymbol{Y}} $。 
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协议1 有理数域上两方多重集交集的保密计算 输入：Alice和Bob分别输入有理数多重集$U = \{ < {u_{11}},{u_{21}} > , < {u_{12}},{u_{22}} > , \cdots , < {u_{1n}},{u_{2n}} > \} $和$V = \{ < {v_{11} },{v_{21} } > , < {v_{12} },{v_{22} } > , \cdots ,$
$< {v_{1m} } \cdot {v_{2m} } > \}$。输出：交集$ U \cap V $。 准备：Alice和Bob根据计算原理1构造标准集${U_1},{V_1}$，并协商正整数$ l $，合作生成$ (l + 1) \times 1 $阶矩阵${{\boldsymbol{P}}_1}$。Alice将$ {U_1} $中元素转化为对应直线上
的整数点，保证每个元素至少对应1个整数点，设共得到$ l $个整数点，根据式(7)构造标准集$ {U_1} $对应的向量${\boldsymbol{C} }{\text{ = } }{({c_l},{c_{l - 1} }, \cdots ,{c_1},{c_0})^{\text{T} } }$。Bob
将$ {v_{1j}} $$ (j{\text{ = }}1,2, \cdots ,m) $转化为对应直线上的任意两个整数点，构造$ {v_{1j}} $对应的向量$ {{\boldsymbol{A}}_j}{\text{ = }}{({a_j}^l,{a_j}^{l - 1}{b_j}, \cdots ,{a_j}{b_j}^{l - 1},{b_j}^l)^{\text{T}}} $。对$ j{\text{ = }}1,2, \cdots ,l $，Alice和Bob执行如下步骤： (1)Alice进行如下操作： (a)随机生成1维向量$ {{\boldsymbol{R}}_j}{\text{ = (}}{r_j}{\text{)}} $。 (b)生成对应的$ (l + 1) \times 1 $阶矩阵${ {\boldsymbol{C} }'_j}$：${ {\boldsymbol{C} }'_j} = { {\boldsymbol{P} }_1}{ {\boldsymbol{R} }_j}$。 (c)计算${ {\boldsymbol{C} }''_j} = { {\boldsymbol{C} }'_j} + {\boldsymbol{C} }$，并将所有的$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}''_j} $发送给Bob。 (2)Bob进行如下操作： (a)对$j{\text{ = }}1,2, \cdots ,m$计算内积${Z'_j}$：${Z'_j} = {{\boldsymbol{A}}_j} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{C}}''_j}$；对$j{\text{ = }}m + 1,m + 2, \cdots ,l$随机生成$l + 1$维向量${{\boldsymbol{A}}_j}$，并计算内积${Z'_j} = {{\boldsymbol{A}}_j} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{C}}''_j}$。 (b)生成对应的1阶矩阵${ {\boldsymbol{A} }'_j}$：${ {\boldsymbol{A} }'_j} = {\boldsymbol{P} }_1^{\text{T} }{ {\boldsymbol{A} }_j}$。 (c)将${Z'_j}$和${ {\boldsymbol{A} }'_j}$发送给Alice。 (3)Alice进行如下操作： (a)生成减法因子${Z''_j}$：${Z''_j} = { {\boldsymbol{R} }_j} \cdot { {\boldsymbol{A} }'_j}$。 (b)计算内积$ {Z_j} $：$ {Z_j} = {Z'_j} - {Z''_j} = {{\boldsymbol{A}}_j} \cdot {\boldsymbol{C}} $。如果$ {Z_j} = 0 $，令${e_j} = 1$；否则${e_j} = 0$，得到向量${\boldsymbol{E}} = ({e_1},{e_2}, \cdots ,{e_l})$，将向量${\boldsymbol{E}}$发送给Bob。 (4)Bob选取向量${\boldsymbol{E}}$中前$ m $个分量中1所在位置对应的元素$ {v_{1j}} $构成集合$ {X_1} $，将集合$ {X_1} $中的元素进行随机置换后输出集合${X_1}{\text{ = }}{U_1} \cap {V_1} = $
$ \{ {x_{11}},{x_{12}}, \cdots ,{x_{1k}}\} $。(5)Alice和Bob按照计算原理1根据${x_{1i}}$$(i = 1,2, \cdots ,k)$在$U,V$中的重数${p_i},{q_i}$构造$d$维向量${{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} = {({s_{i1}},{s_{i2}}, \cdots ,{s_{id}})^{\text{T}}}$和${{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} = {({t_{i1}},{t_{i2}}, \cdots ,{t_{id}})^{\text{T}}}$，
两人分别随机生成$d$维向量${\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1,{\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1$，计算${\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2$和${\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2$，其中，${\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2 = {{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} - {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1$,${\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2 = {{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} - {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1$，并合作生成$ d \times 1 $阶矩阵${{\boldsymbol{P}}_2}$。对$i = 1,2, \cdots ,k$，Alice和Bob执行如下步骤： (6)Alice进行如下操作： (a)生成4个1维向量${\boldsymbol{R}}_i^{ab} = ({r_i}^{ab})$，$a = 1,2$,$b = 1,2$。 (b)对应计算$d \times 1$阶矩阵${\boldsymbol{S}}'^{ab}_i = { {\boldsymbol{P} }_2}{\boldsymbol{R} }_i^{ab}$。 (c)计算${\boldsymbol{S} }''^{ab}_i = {\boldsymbol{S} }'^{ab}_i + {\boldsymbol{S} }_i^a$，并将所有的${\boldsymbol{S} }''^{ab}_i$发送给Bob。 (7)Bob进行如下操作： (a)计算内积$W{'}_i^{ab} = {\boldsymbol{S} }''^{ab}_i \cdot {\boldsymbol{T} }_i^b$。 (b)计算1阶矩阵${\boldsymbol{T} }'^{ab}_i = {\boldsymbol{P} }_2^{\text{T} }{\boldsymbol{T} }_i^b$。 (c)将$ {W{'}}_i^{ab} $和$ {\boldsymbol{T'}}_i^{ab} $发送给Alice。 (8)Alice进行如下操作： (a)计算$W''^{ab}_i = {\boldsymbol{T} }'^{ab}_i \cdot {\boldsymbol{R} }_i^{ab}$。 (b)计算内积$W_i^{ab} = W'{ab}_i^ - W''^{ab}_i = {\boldsymbol{S} }_i^a \cdot {\boldsymbol{T} }_i^b$。 (c)令${x_{2i}} = {W_i} = W_i^{11} + W_i^{12} + W_i^{21} + W_i^{22} = {{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{T}}_i}$，得到集合${X_2} = \{ {x_{21}},{x_{22}}, \cdots ,{x_{2k}}\} $。 (9)输出两方多重集交集$X = U \cap V = \{ < {x_{11}},{x_{21}} > , < {x_{12}},{x_{22}} > , \cdots , < {x_{1k}},{x_{2k}} > \} $。
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协议2 有理数域上两方多重集并集的保密计算 协议2保持协议1中第(1)和第(2)步不变，对后续步骤做如下修改，输出有理数域上两方多重集并集$U \cup V$。 (3)Alice进行如下操作： (a)生成减法因子${Z''_j}$：${Z''_j} = { {\boldsymbol{R} }_j} \cdot { {\boldsymbol{A} }'_j}$。 (b)计算内积$ {Z_j} $：$ {Z_j} = {Z'_j} - {Z''_j} = {{\boldsymbol{A}}_j} \cdot {\boldsymbol{C}} $。如果${Z_j} = 0$，令${e_j} = 1$；否则${e_j} = 0$，得到$l$维向量${\boldsymbol{E}} = ({e_1},{e_2}, \cdots ,{e_l})$。 (c)随机选取整数$ r $，满足$ 0 \le r < \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^l {{e_i}} $，在$ {\boldsymbol{E}} $的分量中选取$ r $个1变为0，得到新的向量$ {\boldsymbol{E'}} $，把$ {\boldsymbol{E'}} $发送给Bob。 (4)Bob选取$ {\boldsymbol{E'}} $中的前$ m $个分量中0所在位置对应的$ {v_{1j}} $构成集合$ H $，将$ H $中元素随机置换后发送给Alice。 (5)Alice输出${Y_1} = {U_1} \cup H = {U_1} \cup {V_1} = \{ {y_{11}},{y_{12}}, \cdots ,{y_{1h}}\} $。 (6)Alice和Bob根据计算原理2 构造${y_{1i}}$$(i = 1, 2,\cdots ,h)$在$U,V$中的重数${p_i},{q_i}$对应的向量${{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} = {({s_{i1}},{s_{i2}}, \cdots ,{s_{id}})^{\text{T}}}$和${{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} = {({t_{i1}},{t_{i2}}, \cdots ,{t_{id}})^{\text{T}}}$，根
据协议2的后续步骤构造${\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1$,${\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2$和${\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1$,${\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2$，满足${{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} = {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1 + {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2$,${{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} = {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1 + {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2$，计算内积${{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} = {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1 \cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1 + {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^1 \cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2 + {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2 \cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^1 + {\boldsymbol{S}}_i^2 \cdot {\boldsymbol{T}}_i^2$，
则${y_{1i}}$的重数${y_{2i}} = d - {{\boldsymbol{S}}_i} \cdot {{\boldsymbol{T}}_i} = \max \{ {p_i},{q_i}\} $。(7)输出两方多重集并集$Y = U \cup V = \{ < {y_{11}},{y_{21}} > , < {y_{12}},{y_{22}} > , \cdots , < {y_{1h}},{y_{2h}} > \} $。
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