面向深度神经网络的相位偏移隐蔽后门攻击策略研究

张恒; 夏雨; 任燕; 杜林康; 张治坤

doi:10.11999/JEIT251145

面向深度神经网络的相位偏移隐蔽后门攻击策略研究

doi: 10.11999/JEIT251145 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT251145

张恒^1, ,,
夏雨¹,
任燕¹,
杜林康²,
张治坤³

1.
江苏海洋大学计算机工程学院连云港 222005
2.
西安交通大学网络空间安全学院西安 710049
3.
浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院杭州 310058

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61873106, 62402379, 62402431, 62441618)，江苏省杰出青年科学基金(BK20200049)

详细信息

作者简介:
张恒：男，教授，研究方向为信息物理系统安全、网络安全

夏雨：男，硕士生，研究方向为机器学习安全、网络安全

任燕：女，博士生，研究方向为机器学习安全、网络安全

杜林康：男，助理教授，研究方向为数据隐私保护、数据溯源与确权

张治坤：男，教授，研究方向为可信人工智能、数据安全

通讯作者:
张恒　zhangheng@jou.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN915; TP183
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-11-01
- 修回日期: 2026-03-09
- 录用日期: 2026-03-09
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-18
- 刊出日期: 2026-06-15

Phase Shift-Based Covert Backdoor Attack Strategy in Deep Neural Networks

1.
School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
2.
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’anJiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
3.
School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61873106, 62402379, 62402431, 62441618), The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars (BK20200049)

摘要

摘要: 后门攻击严重威胁深度神经网络(DNN)的安全。植入后门后，模型在遇到带有特定触发器的输入时会输出预设错误，而对干净样本仍保持正常性能。现有研究已在空间域与频域触发器设计方面展开探索，但多数方法为确保攻击成功率(ASR)，而牺牲了触发器的不可感知性。该文提出一种基于相位偏移的频域后门攻击(FDPS)方法。该方法通过离散傅里叶变换(DFT)将图像映射至频域，并在选定的频率分量上施加相位扰动以嵌入触发器。具体而言，FDPS优先针对中高频相位分量进行精细调控，以最小化幅度谱变化并避免引入可察觉的伪影。鉴于相位信息主导正弦波的相对位移，此类扰动可自然协调视觉语义，从而显著提升隐蔽性。相较于传统幅度扰动策略，相位偏移在保留图像全局结构的同时，更有效地规避了基于图像的防御检测机制。实验表明，与BadNets, Blend, WaNet及Ftrojan等基准后门攻击相比，FDPS在攻击成功率、干净样本准确率以及结构相似性指数(SSIM)等指标上均表现优越。此外，在GTSRB数据集上，仅需毒化2%的训练样本即可实现99%的攻击成功率，显著降低了攻击的样本需求与技术门槛，展现出对不同攻击场景更强的鲁棒性与适应性。
- 后门攻击 /
- 深度神经网络 /
- 图像分类 /
- 频域
Abstract: Objective The proliferation of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving and biomedical diagnostics has raised serious concerns about their vulnerability to adversarial threats, particularly backdoor attacks. In these attacks, hidden triggers are embedded during training, causing models to behave normally on clean inputs while producing malicious outputs when specific triggers are present. Existing backdoor methods mainly operate in either the spatial domain or the frequency domain, but they face a fundamental tradeoff between Attack Success Rate (ASR) and stealth. Spatial triggers often introduce visible artifacts, whereas frequency-domain amplitude perturbations disrupt spectral energy distributions and can therefore be detected by advanced defenses such as spectral anomaly detection. This study addresses the need for a backdoor paradigm that simultaneously achieves high attack performance, minimal perceptual distortion, and robustness against state-of-the-art defense methods. The objective is to develop a frequency-domain backdoor attack based on phase manipulation, which is better aligned with human visual perception and structural consistency, thereby overcoming the limitations of existing methods. Methods FDPS integrates frequency-domain phase manipulation, perceptual similarity screening, and standard data poisoning. The method first converts input images from RGB to Y'CbCr color space. This conversion isolates the chrominance channels while preserving the luminance component. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is then applied to the chrominance components to obtain complex frequency spectra. Phase information is computed with the atan2 function, and selected high-frequency components are shifted to embed the trigger. Image reconstruction is performed through Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The framework further incorporates Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) filtering. This filter removes generated samples that do not satisfy the similarity threshold. The screening process ensures that all retained triggers remain visually imperceptible. The accepted poisoned samples are assigned the target class labels and then combined with the clean training data according to standard protocols. Results and Discussions FDPS achieves near-perfect ASR, reaching 99%, while maintaining Benign Accuracy (BA) across three datasets and two network architectures (Table 1). The method embeds triggers by manipulating phase information in the Cb and Cr chrominance channels through Fourier transforms, and LPIPS filtering helps preserve visual stealth. Experimental results show that poisoned images retain semantic focus, as confirmed by Grad-CAM visualizations that remain aligned with the clean-image patterns (Fig. 4). The method also shows strong resistance to defense mechanisms. Under Neural Cleanse, FDPS yields an anomaly index of 1.73, which is below the detection threshold of 2 (Figs. 3～5). Under STRIP, the entropy distribution of poisoned samples substantially overlaps with that of clean samples. Additional analysis shows that high-frequency phase perturbation achieves strong attack performance with limited poisoning. In particular, on the GTSRB dataset, FDPS achieves 99% ASR with only 2% poisoned training samples, while minimizing the effect on model utility (Fig. 8; Table 3). Conclusions An end-to-end frequency-domain strategy is proposed to embed covert triggers into image classification models while preserving fidelity on clean samples. By shifting selected high-frequency phase components in the chrominance channels and applying LPIPS-based filtering, FDPS achieves 99% ASR with negligible BA loss and minimal visible artifacts. It also evades representative detection methods, including Grad-CAM, Neural Cleanse, Adversarial Neuron Pruning (ANP), and STRIP. These findings indicate that high-frequency phase perturbation constitutes an effective and stealthy backdoor mechanism. Future work should extend this strategy to broader modalities and develop dedicated frequency-domain anomaly detectors as principled countermeasures.
- Backdoor attacks /
- Deep Neural Networks (DNN) /
- Image classification /
- Frequency domain

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图 1 不同攻击方式下，原图与毒化图像的空间域残差对比

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图 2 基于相位偏移的后门攻击框架

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图 3 FDPS频域单点触发机理的可视化

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图 4 同一样本在不同后门攻击下的Grad-CAM可视化(FDPS仍聚焦于目标本体)

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图 5 FDPS面对ANP时攻击成功率(ASR)与良性样本准确率(BA)随剪枝强度变化曲线(ASR下降滞后于BA)

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图 6 不同攻击方法的异常指数分布，虚线表示阈值为2

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图 7 FDPS与干净样本在STRIP检测下的输出熵分布对比(分布近乎重合)

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图 8 不同注入率下，FDPS方法的攻击成功率

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表 1 不同基线方法在3个数据集上的攻击成功率(ASR)和良性样本准确率(BA)对比(%)

模型	方法	CIFAR10		GTSRB		CINIC10
模型	方法	BA	ASR	BA	ASR	BA	ASR
ResNet18	Clean	95.00	-	99.20	-	88.02	-
	BadNets	94.02	99.42	99.13	99.52	85.77	99.26
	Blend	94.26	99.87	99.02	99.77	85.82	99.89
	WaNet	94.22	99.74	99.10	99.73	84.87	89.61
	Ftrojan	94.10	99.26	99.01	98.90	85.90	99.70
	DUBA	94.55	99.68	99.17	99.92	87.85	99.24
	FDPS	94.02	99.33	99.15	99.12	86.11	99.13
RepVGG	Clean	91.20	-	99.40	-	87.24	-
	BadNets	91.07	99.10	99.34	99.67	86.78	99.19
	Blend	91.10	98.74	99.13	99.36	85.76	98.02
	WaNet	91.07	97.95	99.13	99.38	86.16	88.76
	Ftrojan	90.08	99.14	99.29	99.26	85.82	97.84
	DUBA	91.18	99.78	99.34	99.78	87.01	99.02
	FDPS	91.00	99.19	99.30	99.35	86.22	99.11

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表 2 5种后门攻击方法在3种数据集上的SSIM与LPIPS对比

数据集	BadNets		Blend		WaNet		Ftrojan		DUBA		FDPS
数据集	SSIM	LPIPS	SSIM	LPIPS	SSIM	LPIPS	SSIM	LPIPS	SSIM	LPIPS	SSIM	LPIPS
CIFAR10	0.972	0.0093	0.864	0.1319	0.953	0.0099	0.954	0.0125	0.977	0.0081	0.972	0.0058
GTSRB	0.968	0.0347	0.879	0.1569	0.950	0.0528	0.912	0.0598	0.972	0.0201	0.975	0.0112
CINIC10	0.978	0.0065	0.887	0.1832	0.941	0.0951	0.971	0.0754	0.968	0.0072	0.972	0.0052

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表 3 不同频率位置下良性样本准确率(BA)与攻击成功率(ASR)的比较(%)

频率	CIFAR10		GTSSRB		CINIC10
频率	BA	ASR	BA	ASR	BA	ASR
($ u=\dfrac{1}{2}M,v=\dfrac{1}{2}N $)	94.02	99.33	99.15	99.12	86.11	99.13
($ u=\dfrac{3}{4}M,v=\dfrac{3}{4}N $)	93.55	98.37	99.10	98.75	85.97	97.94
($ u=M,v=N $)	93.11	94.18	94.18	95.47	85.49	87.55

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