用于检测硬件木马延时的线性判别分析算法

宋钛; 黄正峰; 徐辉

doi:10.11999/JEIT220389

用于检测硬件木马延时的线性判别分析算法

doi: 10.11999/JEIT220389

宋钛¹,
黄正峰^2, ,,
徐辉³

1.
安徽大学集成电路学院合肥 230601
2.
合肥工业大学微电子学院合肥 230009
3.
安徽理工大学计算机科学与工程学院淮南 232001

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61874156, 62174001)，安徽省基金(202104b11020032, 2208085J02)

详细信息

作者简介:
宋钛：男，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为集成电路测试和硬件安全

黄正峰：男，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为容错计算

徐辉：男，教授，硕士生导师，主要研究方向为集成电路设计与老化测试

通讯作者:
黄正峰　huangzhengfeng@139.com

中图分类号: TN406; TN710
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- 被引次数: 6
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-02
- 修回日期: 2022-06-29
- 网络出版日期: 2022-07-21
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-17

Linear Discriminant Analysis Algorithm for Detecting Hardware Trojans Delay

1.
School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
2.
School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
3.
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61874156, 62174001), Anhui Province Foundation (202104b11020032, 2208085J02)

摘要

摘要: 针对芯片生产链长、安全性差、可靠性低，导致硬件木马防不胜防的问题，该文提出一种针对旁路信号分析的木马检测方法。首先采集不同电压下电路的延时信号，通过线性判别分析(LDA)分类算法找出延时差异，若延时与干净电路相同，则判定为干净电路，否则判定有木马。然后联合多项式回归算法对木马延时特征进行拟合，基于回归函数建立木马特征库，最终实现硬件木马的准确识别。实验结果表明，提出的LDA联合线性回归(LR)算法可以根据延时特征识别木马电路，其木马检测率优于其他木马检测方法。更有利的是，随着电路规模的增大意味着数据量的增加，这更便于进行数据分析与特征提取，降低了木马检测难度。通过该方法的研究，对未来工艺极限下识别木马电路、提高芯片安全性与可靠性具有重要的指导作用。
- 硬件木马 /
- 关键路径 /
- 关键结点 /
- 机器学习 /
- 线性判别分析
Abstract: To solve the security problems of long chip production chain, poor security and low reliability, leading to prevent Hardware Trojan (HT) detection, an HT detection method based on bypass signal analysis is proposed, by means of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification algorithm to find the difference in time delay so as to distinguish HT. Then, the polynomial regression algorithm is used to fit the delay feature of the Trojan, and the feature library of the Trojan is established based on the regression function. The experimental results show that the proposed LDA combined with linear regression algorithm can identify HT circuits according to the delay feature, and its HT detection rate is better than other methods. Moreover, it reduces the difficulty of Trojan horse detection as the scale of the circuit increases. Through the research of this method, it has an important guiding role in identifying HT circuits and improving chip security and reliability.
- Hardware Trojan (HT) /
- Critical path /
- Critical node /
- Machine Learning (ML) /
- Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)

HTML全文

图 1 硬件木马结构

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图 2 延时信号分析

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图 3 LDA分类算法

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图 4 线性回归方程

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图 5 实验设置

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图 6 实验流程

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图 7 不同电压下木马电路与干净电路延时对比

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图 8 干净电路与木马电路线性拟合对比

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图 9 温度和电压校准设置

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图 10 不同温度和电压下检测到的木马数量

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算法1　LDA 算法
输入：带标签的原始向量
输出：矩阵积
循环执行如下操作
1. 计算数据集中不同类别的多维平均向量。
2. 计算矩阵(类间和类内矩阵)。
3. 计算矩阵的特征向量和相应的特征值。
4. 对特征向量进行递减特征值排序，选择特征值最大的K个特　　　征向量，形成D×K维矩阵W。
5. 使用这个 D×K 特征向量矩阵将模式转换到新的子空间。
6. 对矩阵求积：Y=X×W(其中X是表示n个模式的n×D维矩　　　阵，Y是新子空间中变换后的n×k维模式)。
结束

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算法2　线性回归算法
输入：训练数据集和样本特征向量
输出：计算多项式的值 y=w·x＋b
对于每一个参数w和b执行如下操作
1. 前向传递：计算损失函数 L
2. 向后传递：计算相对于 w 的梯度 G1的损失函数
3. 根据G1更新参数
4. 惩罚项：计算相对于w的梯度G2的损失函数
5. 根据G2更新参数
结束

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表 1 测试台数据

基准电路	门数量	电路面积(μm²)	功率(W)
AES	10610	163×163	0.0732
MIPS	8661	195×195	0.0494
RS Decoder	23224	394×394	0.12
JPEG Encoder	269970	1094×1094	1.4675

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表 2 本文识别率与以往技术的比较(%)

基准电路	LTPD (μW/μm²)	GNJ^[16]	BSC^[17]	LPA^[18]	ML^[19]	本文方法
AES	0.148	8.0	2.0	2.2	2.7	3.0
	0.223	26.5	19.1	15.4	16.34	31.4
	0.279	31.2	43.5	54.4	67.2	86.5
	0.369	64.9	77.6	89.9	86.7	96.7
	0.443	90.8	96.5	98.5	99.5	100
MIPS	0.154	5.6	8.0	11.7	19.7	32.5
	0.231	10.8	16.5	23.3	39.5	60.6
	0.308	17.7	26.0	40.1	62.6	81.8
	0.384	27.6	39.4	58.2	77.8	91.1
	0.463	39.3	55.9	73.7	88.5	92.4
RS Decoder	0.062	3.7	4.8	4.3	7.5	9.8
	0.092	3.7	4.8	4.3	7.5	9.8
	0.122	4.8	7.3	9.1	13.4	21.2
	0.156	6.1	9.3	12.5	22.2	36.2
	0.218	10.1	12.8	20.9	38.1	57
JPEG Encoder	0.004	1.5	2.0	2.0	3.1	3.2
	0.015	3.3	7.5	7.8	8.0	8.0
	0.026	4.5	10.5	11.1	13.0	15.0
	0.037	10.3	15.5	20.6	21.2	25.8
	0.048	11.1	18.5	30.3	45.6	50.1

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