Traceability Scheme of Edible Agricultural Products Based on Novel Fair Blind Signature and Attribute-based Encryption
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摘要: 为解决食用农产品溯源中存在的身份隐私易泄露、难监管以及溯源数据共享困难等问题，该文提出一种基于新型公平盲签名和属性基加密的食用农产品溯源方案。该方案在联盟链授权访问、不可篡改特性的基础上，结合椭圆曲线和零知识证明提出一种新型公平盲签名方法，实现了食用农产品数据上传者身份条件匿名并通过双重ID机制避免了签名方陷害问题；方案同时采用Asmuth-Bloom门限改进的属性基加密结合智能合约技术实现了权限分层的食用农产品溯源数据秘密共享。各项分析及实验结果表明，该方案具备良好的安全性和功能性。Abstract: In order to solve the problems of identity privacy easy to leak, difficult to monitor and difficult to share the traceability data in the existing edible agricultural products traceability scheme, a traceability schema of edible agricultural products based on novel fair blind signature and attribute-based encryption is proposed. Based on the authorized access and non-tampering characteristics of consortium blockchain, a novel fair blind signature method is proposed by combining elliptic curve and zero-knowledge proof, which achieves anonymity of the identity of the edible agricultural product data uploader and avoids the problem of enmiting the signer through the double ID mechanism. At the same time, the attribute-based encryption improved by Asmuth-Bloom threshold combined with smart contract technology is adopted to realize the secret sharing of traceability data of edible agricultural products with hierarchical permissions. The analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good security and functionality.
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表 1 主要术语
符号 符号表示的含义 TDO Traceability Data Owner, 溯源数据拥有者 TDV Traceability Data Visitor, 溯源数据访问者 AO Authorized Organization, 授权组织机构 CB Consortium Blockchain, 联盟链 KGC Key Generation Center, 密钥生成中心 IPFS Inter Planetary File System, 星际文件系统 TPR Third Party Regulator, 第三方监管机构 PK 非对称密码算法的公钥 SK 非对称密码算法的私钥 MK 主私钥 CT 密文 M 明文 S 属性集 T 访问树 K 对称密码算法的密钥 
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算法1 Asmuth-Bloom秘密分割 输入：m, n, S, MK 输出：$ \{ {K_1},{K_2}, \cdots ,{K_n}\} $ (1)选择素数$ {p} > {\text{MK}} $ (2)根据2.3节步骤2中条件，选取$ n $个小于$ p $的数$ \{ {d_1},{d_2}, \cdots ,{d_n}\} $ (3)使用$ \{ {d_1},{d_2}, \cdots ,{d_n}\} $计算${d_{{\rm{mult}}} } = \prod\nolimits_{ {i} = 1}^{m} { {d_i} }$ (4)对${\text{MK} }$进行处理得到$ {K} ' = {\text{M}}K + {rp} $ (5)for $ i $ 1 to $ n $ by 1 do (6) $ {K_i} = K'\bmod {d_i} $ (7)end for (8)return $ \{ {K_1},{K_2}, \cdots ,{K_n}\} $
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表 2 交易基本结构
字段 相关描述 nonce TDO生成的唯一随机数，用于标示交易 fromAddress 根据交易的签名计算出AO的地址 toAddress 交易接收方的地址，即智能合约的地址 gas 本次交易允许最多消耗的gas数量 gasPrice 本次交易的gas单价 data ${H} ({H} ({M} ')||{\rm{CT}}||{\text{I} }{ {\text{D} }_{ {\text{TPR} } } })$, $ H(M') $和${\rm{CT}}$
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算法2 对称密码算法的密钥K恢复 输入：SK, $ p $, $ r $ 输出：K (1) 客户端通过KGC解密SK后从SK中获取集合
$ \{ {K_1},{K_2}, \cdots ,{K_m}\} $及集合$ \{ {d_1},{d_2}, \cdots ,{d_m}\} $；(2)使用$ \{ {d_1},{d_2}, \cdots ,{d_m}\} $计算${d_{{\rm{mult}}} } = \prod\nolimits_{ {i} = 1}^{m} { {d_i} }$； (3)根据中国剩余定理，求出下列同余方程组在模${ {d} _{{\rm{mult}}} }$下的唯一
解$ K' $
$\left. \begin{gathered} X \equiv {K_1}({\rm{mod}} {d_1}) \\ X \equiv {K_2}({\rm{mod}} {d_2}) \\ \qquad\quad \cdots \\ X \equiv {K_m}({\rm{mod}} {d_m}) \\ \end{gathered} \right\}$ (6)求得：$ X = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m {{K_i}{D_i}{D_i}^{ - 1}} $，其中${D_i} = { { {d_{{\rm{mult}}} } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom { { {d_{mult} } } { {d_i} } } } \right. } { {d_i} } }$；
${K} ' = {X} \bmod {d_{{\rm{mult}}} }$(4)使用$ K' $,$ p $,$ r $计算$ {K} = {K} ' - {rp} $ (5)return $ K $
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算法3 存贮TraceData函数 func (t *SimpleChaincode) saveTraceData(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) pb.Response { hash3 := args[0] hash1 := args[1] ct := args[2] //检查是否存在该记录 dataAsBytes, err := stub.GetState(hash3) if err != nil { return shim.Error(“获取数据失败:” + err.Error())} else if dataAsBytes != nil { return shim.Error(“该记录已存在: ” + hash3)} //创建新的data对象并通过marshal转为JSON data := &data{hash3, hash1, ct} dataJSONasBytes, err := json.Marshal(data) if err != nil {return shim.Error(err.Error())} //数据上链 err = stub.PutState(hash3, dataJSONasBytes) if err != nil {return shim.Error(err.Error())} return shim.Success(nil)}
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算法4 获取TraceData函数 func (t *SimpleChaincode) getTraceData(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) pb.Response { var hash3, jsonResp string var err error if len(args) != 1 {return shim.Error("请输入hash3")} hash3 = args[0] valAsbytes, err := stub.GetState(hash3) if err != nil { jsonResp = "{\"Error\":\"获取数据信息失败"\"}" return shim.Error(jsonResp)} else if valAsbytes == nil { jsonResp = "{\"Error\":\"未查找到该数据信息"\"}" return shim.Error(jsonResp)} return shim.Success(valAsbytes)}
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表 5 效率测试
密码强度(bit) 签名方案 盲化耗时(ms) 签名耗时(ms) 解盲耗时(ms) 验签耗时(ms) 总耗时(ms) 112 2048bit RSA公平盲签名 3.6087 6.9396 0.5977 7.138 18.284 112 224 bit 新型公平盲签名 0.0233 0.3707 0.0363 25.8827 26.313 128 3072 bit RSA公平盲签名 11.2375 22.1061 0.9382 22.0228 56.3046 128 256 bit 新型公平盲签名 0.0354 0.3546 0.0491 26.7625 27.2016 192 7680 bit RSA公平盲签名 155.6723 309.3041 3.6179 317.4969 786.0912 192 384 bit 新型公平盲签名 0.0599 0.3812 0.0464 28.192 28.6795
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