The Status Quo and Prospect of Satellite Network Routing Technology
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摘要: 与地面固定通信网络不同，卫星网络的节点高度动态性、有限的星上处理能力和网络拓扑周期性变化的特点给卫星互联网的路由协议与算法设计带来了新的挑战。该文系统梳理了学术界针对卫星网络所提出的路由技术，提出了卫星路由技术未来的发展方向。首先介绍了卫星网络架构和目前在卫星通信系统上应用的主要路由协议，并且简要介绍了卫星光通信网络的路由问题；其次，根据卫星节点的管理方式以及路由表生成方式将路由算法分类为集中式卫星路由、分布式卫星路由以及混合式卫星路由，详细介绍了各类卫星路由方法的代表性成果并总结其优化目标和适用场景；接着，总结了不同卫星网络场景和网络需求下如何选择合适的卫星路由算法；最后，阐述目前卫星路由技术面临的挑战以及未来的发展趋势，并在附录中介绍了当前主流的卫星网络仿真平台。Abstract: Different from terrestrial fixed communication networks, new challenges are brought to the design of routing protocols and algorithms for satellite Internet because of the characteristics of highly dynamic nodes, limited on-board processing capabilities and periodic changes of network topology in satellite networks.The routing technology proposed by the academic community for satellite networks is sorted out comprehensively and the future research hotspots of satellite routing technology is given in this paper. Firstly, the architecture of the satellite network and the main routing protocols currently used in the satellite communication system are introduced, and the routing problem of the satellite optical communication network is also briefly introduced. Secondly, the routing algorithms are classified into centralized satellite routing, distributed satellite routing and hybrid satellite routing according to the management method of satellite nodes and the routing table generation method.Later the representative results of various satellite routing methods are introduced and their optimization goals and applicable scenarios are summarized in detail. Then, how to choose the appropriate satellite network scenarios and network requirements under different satellite network scenarios is summarized. Finally, the challenges faced by the current satellite routing technology and future research hotspots are described, and the current mainstream satellite network simulation platforms are introduced in the appendix.
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表 1 卫星网络路由协议
卫星网络协议
体系架构主要路由协议 路由协议特点与评价 IP体系架构 内部网关协议：
(1)路由信息协议RIP；
(2)开放最短路径优先协议OSPF；
(3)中间系统到中间系统协议IS-IS；
(4)内部网关路由协议IGRP；
(5)增强型内部网关路由协议EIGRP。
外部网关协议：
边界网关协议BGP。优点：
(1)IP路由协议成熟稳定，可靠性高；
(2)采用IP路由协议可以很方便与地面网络互联；
(3)在卫星网络中实现组播较容易。
不足：
(1)IP协议仅提供“尽力而为”的服务，不能保证网络的服务质量
(Quality of Service, QoS)；
(2)当网络结构过于复杂时，IP路由表的维护与更新较为困难。CCSDS体系架构 (1)空间分组协议SPP；
(2)空间通信协议规范-网络协议SCPS-NP。优点：
(1)协议可应用于多种信道环境；
(2)协议报文可随业务不同而改变首部结构，以达到最优的比特效率。
不足：
不支持与IP协议的互操作。如果要实现与IP协议的互联则需要转换
协议首部。DTN系统架构 单副本路由协议：
(1) direct transmission协议；
(2) seek and focus协议。
多副本路由协议：
(1) epidemic协议；
(2) PROPHET协议；
(3) MaxProp协议；
(4) spray and wait协议。优点：
(1)单副本路由协议信令开销低，网络资源利用率高；
(2)多副本路由协议交付延迟低，可靠性高。
不足：
(1)单副本路由协议交付延迟高，可靠性较差；
(2)多副本路由协议会占用大量的网络资源，网络负担较重。NDN系统架构 (1)针对命名数据网络的开放最短路径优先协议OSPFN；
(2)针对命名数据网络的双层路由协议TRPN；
(3)命名数据链路状态路由协议NLSR。优点：
(1)面向内容的路由机制能够避免陷入路由环路；
(2)NDN路由只需要在本地处理转发失败的数据包，信令开销更小；
(3)NDN路由能够主动调节数据包转发速率，从而避免网络拥塞。
不足：
相比IP路由要消耗更多的星上存储资源。
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表 2 本文所提路由算法的优化目标、性能考虑以及适用场景总结
路由
策略具体算法 优化目标 端到端
时延丢包
率吞吐
量链路
利用率适用场景 集中式 FD[29] 最短路径 √ 小型星座、不考虑星间转交时的带宽问题 APRS[30] 降低ISL切换频率避免拥塞 √ √ 由LEO, MEO卫星构成的IP over ATM网络 MPQR[32] 基于遗传算法和模拟退火的QoS优化 √ √ √ LEO极轨星座 QoSRP- MA[33] 基于移动代理的QoS优化 √ LEO斜轨星座，且假设不会发生链路失效和星间转交 CEMR[35] 基于多路径的负载均衡 √ √ √ LEO极轨星座 分布式 LBRP-MA[39] 基于移动代理的负载均衡 √
√考虑南北半球流量分布不均衡的LEO卫星IP网络 DORA[40] 基于多路径的负载均衡 √ √ 针对时延敏感性业务流量在LEO卫星网络的负载均衡 QER[41] 基于节点剩余能量的负载均衡 √ √ 考虑卫星节点工作寿命为有限的LEO卫星网络 PAR[42] 基于链路历史利用率的拥塞避免 √ √ 考虑反向缝两侧东、西半球卫星运动方向相反的LEO极轨星座 LBRA-SR[43] 基于流量密度区域划分的负载均衡 √ √ √ 考虑地面信关站地理分布不均匀的LEO星座 ELMDR[44] 基于机器学习的负载均衡 √ √ 考虑全球人口分布不均匀的LEO星座 HLBR[45] 基于拥塞预测的负载均衡 √ √ √ 考虑全球通信设备分布不均匀的LEO极轨星座 SOR-MSG[46] 基于马尔可夫空时图的QoS优化 √ √ 针对多种流量业务的差异化、不均匀QoS需求的LEO星座 DSRA-MCIO[47] 基于网络拓扑的抗毁性 √ √ 仅适用于巨型LEO斜轨星座 混合式 WSDRA[49] 基于半分布式决策的最短路径 √ LEO极轨星座 GURA[50] 基于全局和局部策略结合来降低计算开销 √ √ 星上计算与处理能力有限的LEO网络 HGLBRS[51] 基于全局和局部策略结合的负载均衡 √ √ √ 基于物联网流量随时间变化剧烈的LEO星座 FRA-SDNORS[52] 基于软件定义网络的负载均衡 √ √ 基于SDN和操作相应空间(OSR)技术的卫星网络
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表 3 卫星网络仿真软件介绍
软件名称 编程语言 是否开源 官方网址 优点 缺点 STK – 不开源 https://www.agi.com/products/stk 具有强大的卫星星座分析和可视化能力，数据报告全面 无法进行卫星星座的网络级仿真 NS-2 C++,
Otcl开源 https://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ 协议库和扩展工具丰富，说明文档全面，易于学习 创建新协议比较困难，使用较繁琐，目前已经停止更新 NS-3 C++ 开源 https://www.nsnam.org/ 支持Python接口，编程复杂度较低，用户自定义模型容易 目前并不完善，支持的协议和模型较少 QualNet Parsec 不开源 https://networksimulationtools.com/qualnet-network-simulator/ 仿真速度快 灵活性和可扩展性较差 OPNET C++ 不开源 https://opnetprojects.com/ 用户手册全面，拥有良好的图形编程界面，软件使用较为方便 对大规模网络的仿真能力较弱 OMNeT++ C++ 开源 https://omnetpp.org/ 灵活性和可扩展性好，可供用户学习的资料多 对于移动性建模的支持较差 J-SIM Java 开源 https://www.physiome.org/jsim/ 灵活性和可扩展性好，网络模型定义方便，代码量大幅减少 缺少大型网络仿真的指导文档，对于大规模网络的仿真能力较差 JiST/
SWANSJava 开源 https://networksimulationtools.com/jist-swans-network-simulator/ 非常高效，仿真速度和内存消耗小，具有良好的跨平台性和可移植性 易用性稍差 GTNetS C++ 开源 https://griley.ece.gatech.edu/MANIACS/GTNetS/ 很好地支持大型网络设计，具备良好的可扩展性 易用性较差 SSFNet Java 开源 http://www.ssfnet.org/homePage.html 内存消耗小，可支持节点数量多 缺少用户扩展工具支持，仿真结果不易分析 Mininet Python 开源 http://mininet.org/ 具有良好的可扩展性和可移植性，提供Python接口，支持多人协同开发 仿真结果准确度不够高且难以复现 EstiNet – 不开源 https://www.estinet.com/ns/ 具备良好的可扩展性和准确性，仿真精度高且易复现 不开源，成本较高
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