一种基于斯皮尔曼秩相关结合神经网络的电池组内部短路故障检测算法

高明裕; 蔡林辉; 孙长城; 刘才明; 张照娓; 董哲康; 何志伟; 高伟伟

doi:10.11999/JEIT210975

一种基于斯皮尔曼秩相关结合神经网络的电池组内部短路故障检测算法

doi: 10.11999/JEIT210975

高明裕^{1, 2},
蔡林辉^{1, 2},
孙长城^{1, 2},
刘才明^{1, 2},
张照娓^{1, 2},
董哲康^{1, 2, 3, ,},
何志伟^{1, 2},
高伟伟⁴

1.
杭州电子科技大学电子信息学院杭州 310018
2.
装备电子研究重点实验室杭州 310018
3.
浙江大学电气工程学院杭州 310027
4.
天能电池集团股份有限公司长兴 313100

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划 (2020YFB1710600)，国家自然科学基金(62171170)，浙江省重点研发计划 (2021C01111)

详细信息

作者简介:
高明裕：男，教授，研究方向为电池组故障检测

蔡林辉：男，硕士生，研究方向为电池组故障检测

孙长城：男，博士生，研究方向为电池组故障检测

刘才明：男，硕士生，研究方向为电池组故障检测

张照娓：女，博士生，研究方向为汽车电子技术

董哲康：男，副教授，研究方向为神经形态计算系统、电路故障诊断

何志伟：男，教授，研究方向为电池组故障检测

高伟伟：女，中级工程师，研究方向为电池组故障检测

通讯作者:
董哲康　englishp@hdu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TM911
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-14
- 修回日期: 2022-03-22
- 录用日期: 2022-03-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-14

An Internal Short Circuit Fault Detecting of Battery Pack Based on Spearman Rank Correlation Combined with Neural Network

GAO Mingyu^{1, 2},
CAI Linhui^{1, 2},
SUN Changcheng^{1, 2},
LIU Caiming^{1, 2},
ZHANG Zhaowei^{1, 2},
DONG Zhekang^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
HE Zhiwei^{1, 2},
GAO Weiwei⁴

1.
School of Electronic Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Equipment Electronics Research, Hangzhou 310018, China
3.
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
4.
Tianneng Battery Group Co., Ltd, Changxing 313100, China

Funds: The National Key R & D Program of China (2020YFB1710600), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62171170), The Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province (2021C01111)

摘要

摘要: 电池组是电动汽车能源系统的重要组成部分，保障其安全性对电动汽车的智能化发展和人的生命财产都具有重要的意义，检测和保障能源系统中电池组的安全性已成为动力电池领域内的研究热点。神经网络被应用于电池组的各项数据检测中，但在电池组内部短路故障中基于相关系数等信号处理的方法仍广泛使用，其实现方案往往存在针对特定对象、需要特定环境、泛用性能较差等问题。基于此，该文融合相关系数和神经网络的特点，提出一种基于斯皮尔曼秩相关结合三通道卷积双向门控循环神经网络(TBi-GRU)的电池组内部短路故障检测算法。首先，基于斯皮尔曼秩相关系数，滑动窗口联合无量纲化，标准化多维度的电池组运行特征；接着利用提取的正常状态下电池组运行特征训练TBi-GRU神经网络；然后基于已训练好的TBi-GRU模型检测内部短路状态下的电池组运行特征，结合预测结果与各通道的动态阈值对电池组状况进行检测。通过理想条件的仿真分析与实际环境的平台验证，验证了该方法能够充分结合斯皮尔曼秩相关系数的鲁棒性强和TBi-GRU神经网络泛用性强的特点，识别出电池组的内部短路故障。
- 内部短路检测 /
- 电池组 /
- 相关系数 /
- 动态阈值
Abstract: Battery pack is an important part of the energy system of electric vehicles. Ensuring its safety is of great significance to the intelligent development of electric vehicles and human life and property. Detecting and guaranteeing the safety of battery pack in the energy system has become a research hotspot in the field of power batteries. Neural network is widely used in battery data detection, but the signal processing method based on correlation coefficient is still widely used in battery short circuit fault, and its implementation scheme often has some problems, such as targeting specific objects, requiring specific environment, and poor performance in general use. Based on this, this paper combines the characteristics of correlation coefficient and neural network, a neural network fault detection algorithm for internal short circuit in battery packs based on Three-channel parallel Bidirectional Gating Recurrent Unit (TBi-GRU) is proposed. Firstly, based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the sliding window is combined with dimensionless and standardized multi-dimensional battery pack operating characteristics. Then, the TBi-GRU neural network is trained by using the extracted operating characteristics of the battery in the normal state. Then, based on the trained TBi-GRU model, the operating characteristics of the battery packs under the internal short circuit state are detected, and the condition of the battery string is detected by combining the prediction results with the dynamic thresholds of each channel. Through simulation analysis of ideal conditions and platform verification of actual environment, it is proved that this method can fully combine the strong robustness of Szpilman's rank correlation coefficient and the strong universality of TBI-GRU neural network to identify accurately the battery pack's internal short circuit fault.
- Internal short circuit detecing /
- Battery pack /
- Correlation coefficient /
- Dynamic threshold

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图 1 整体架构

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图 2 电池组故障特征提取的过程

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图 3 模型网络结构

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图 4 可视化模型输入和输出的计算过程

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图 5 故障检测过程

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图 6 10 Ω仿真实验电压响应及局部放大图

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图 7 5 Ω仿真实验电压响应及局部放大图

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图 8 1 Ω仿真实验电压响应及局部放大图

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图 9 模型预测结果图

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图 10 不同ISC时间的电压响应和特征提取结果对比

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图 11 锂离子模拟ISC实验设置

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图 12 10 Ω短路模型前后对比图

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图 13 5 Ω短路模型前后对比图

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图 14 1 Ω短路模型前后对比图

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图 15 0.5 A恒流放电过程对比

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表 1 故障检测算法对比

	文献[10]	文献[11]	文献 [12, 13]	文献 [6, 16, 17]	本文
电池参数估计	不需要	不需要	需要	不需要	不需要
特征提取	无	有	无	无	有
模型训练	不需要	不需要	不需要	需要	需要
多通道特性	无	无	无	无	有

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表 2 检测指标的描述

指标		预测		情况描述
指标		P	N	情况描述
实际	P	TP	FN	TP(True Positive)：预测结果是故障，实际结果也是故障
	P	TP	FN	FN( False Negative)：预测结果是故障，真实结果是正常
	N	FP	TN	FP( False Positive)：预测结果是正常，实际结果是故障
	N	FP	TN	TN( True Negative)：预测结果是正常，真实结果是正常

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表 3 仿真的锂离子电池Lithium-lon的性能参数

电池参数	数值
额定电压	3.7 V
额定容量	1.35 Ah
电池内阻	27.4 mΩ
响应时间	30 s

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表 4 对比模型参数设置

参数	模型
参数	RNN	LSTM	GRU	TBi-GRU
隐藏神经单元	(6412864)	(6412864)	(6412864)	(64128)
卷积核	0	0	0	5
激活函数	Sigmoid	Sigmoid	Sigmoid	LeakyReLUs, Sigmoid
优化器	Adam	Adam	Adam	Adam
初始学习率	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01

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表 5 模型检测结果

方法	10 Ω故障定位	5 Ω故障定位	1 Ω故障定位
DTW+TBi-GRU	无	无	1号
ED+TBi-GRU	无	无	1号
Pearson+TBi-GRU	8号	3号	1号
Spearman+RNN	8号	3号	1号
Spearman+LSTM	8号	3号	1号
Spearman+GRU	8号	3号	1号
Spearman+TBi-GRU	8号	3号	1号

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表 6 模型预测结果指标对比(%)

阻值(Ω)	类别	Recall	Precission	F1_Score	Accuracy
1	ED+TBi-GRU	100.00	49.25	66.00	97.73
	DWT+TBi-GRU	100.00	52.24	68.63	97.87
	Person+TBi-GRU	83.13	98.57	90.20	99.00
	Spearman+RNN	44.53	85.07	58.46	94.60
	Spearman+LSTM	52.59	91.04	66.67	95.93
	Spearman+GRU	50.85	89.55	64.86	95.67
	Spearman+TBi-GRU	79.76	100.00	88.74	98.87
5	ED+TBi-GRU	80.95	28.33	41.98	96.87
	DWT+TBi-GRU	82.14	38.33	52.27	97.20
	Person+TBi-GRU	66.67	93.33	77.78	97.87
	Spearman+RNN	32.22	48.33	38.67	93.87
	Spearman+LSTM	41.41	68.33	51.57	94.93
	Spearman+GRU	40.82	66.67	50.63	94.80
	Spearman+TBi-GRU	84.21	80.00	82.05	98.60
10	ED+TBi-GRU	无	0.00	无	95.53
	DWT+TBi-GRU	无	0.00	无	95.53
	Person+TBi-GRU	72.73	71.64	72.18	97.53
	Spearman+RNN	38.24	38.81	38.52	94.47
	Spearman+LSTM	79.17	28.36	41.76	96.47
	Spearman+GRU	75.00	26.87	39.56	96.33
	Spearman+TBi-GRU	89.66	81.25	85.25	98.80

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表 7 各种阈值方法对比结果(%)

阻值(Ω)	阈值类别	Recall	Precission	F1_Score	Accuracy
1	max	40.12	100.00	57.26	93.33
	μ+3σ	29.17	93.33	44.44	90.67
	本文	79.76	100.00	88.74	98.87
5	max	29.17	93.33	44.44	90.67
	μ+3σ	89.66	43.33	58.43	97.53
	本文	84.21	80.00	82.05	98.60
10	max	52.21	88.06	65.56	95.87
	μ+3σ	89.19	49.25	63.46	97.47
	本文	89.66	81.25	85.25	98.80

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表 8 预测结果与原始数据对噪声和较低ISC的抑制效果(%)对比

方法	抑制较低ISC			抑制噪声
方法	1 Ω	5 Ω	10 Ω	1 Ω	5 Ω	10 Ω
Person+TBi-GRU	–12.53	39.00	19.70	14.94	27.26	15.32
Spearman+RNN	0.62	25.73	9.20	–20.18	–25.44	–19.37
Spearman+LSTM	–0.15	32.40	16.01	–15.10	–19.43	–9.03
Spearman+GRU	–0.74	16.70	18.23	–13.14	–17.08	–7.34
Spearman+TBi-GRU	–4.44	18.65	8.09	12.52	22.61	16.16

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