基于序列密码的强PUF抗机器学习攻击方法

汪鹏君; 连佳娜; 陈博

doi:10.11999/JEIT210726

基于序列密码的强PUF抗机器学习攻击方法

doi: 10.11999/JEIT210726

汪鹏君^1, ,,
连佳娜^{1, 2},
陈博¹

1.
温州大学电气与电子工程学院温州 325035
2.
温州大学计算机与人工智能学院温州 325035

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB2202100)，国家自然科学基金(62174121, 61904125)，温州市基础性科研项目(G20190006, G20210023)

详细信息

作者简介:
汪鹏君：男，1966年生，教授，研究方向为集成电路设计、信息安全等技术及其相关理论

连佳娜：女，1996年生，硕士生，研究方向为物理不可克隆函数攻击与防御

陈博：男，1981年生，讲师，研究方向为密码芯片攻击和防御理论及其VLSI实现

通讯作者:
汪鹏君　wangpengjun@wzu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN918.2; TP309
计量
- 文章访问数: 1298
- HTML全文浏览量: 441
- PDF下载量: 102
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-19
- 修回日期: 2021-08-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-09-06
- 刊出日期: 2021-09-16

Sequence Cipher Based Machine Learning-Attack Resistance Method for Strong-PUF

Pengjun WANG^{1
, ,},
Jiana LIAN^{1, 2},
Bo CHEN¹

1.
College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
2.
College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China

Funds: The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB2202100), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62174121, 61904125), The Wenzhou Basic Scientific Research Projects (G20190006, G20210023)

摘要

摘要: 物理不可克隆函数(Physical Unclonable Function, PUF)在信息安全领域具有极其重要的应用前景，然而也存在其自身安全受机器学习攻击等方面的不足。该文通过对PUF电路和密码算法的研究，提出一种基于序列密码的强PUF抗机器学习攻击方法。首先，通过构造滚动密钥生成器产生随机密钥，并与输入激励进行混淆；然后，将混淆后的激励通过串并转换电路作用于强PUF，产生输出响应；最后，利用Python软件仿真和FPGA硬件实现，并分析其安全性和统计特性。实验结果表明，当建模所用激励响应对(Challenge Response Pairs, CRPs)高达10⁶组时，基于逻辑回归、人工神经网络和支持向量机的攻击预测率接近50%的理想值。此外，该方法通用性强、硬件开销小，且不影响PUF的随机性、唯一性以及可靠性。
- 硬件安全 /
- 强物理不可克隆函数 /
- 序列密码 /
- 机器学习
Abstract: Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) has extremely important application prospects to the field of information security, however, there are also shortcomings in its own security from machine learning attacks and other aspects. By studying PUF circuits and cryptographic algorithm, a method based on sequence cipher of strong-PUF is proposed to resist machine learning attacks. Firstly, the random key is generated by constructing a rolling key generator, which is obfuscated with the input challenge; Then the obfuscated challenge is applied to the strong-PUF through a series-parallel conversion circuit to generate the output response; Finally, Python software simulation and FPGA hardware implementation are used to analyze the safety and statistical properties. The experimental results show that the attack prediction rates based on logistic regression, artificial neural network and support vector machine are close to the ideal value of 50% when the CRPs used for modeling are up to 10⁶ groups. In addition, this method has high versatile, low hardware overhead and does not affect the randomness, uniqueness and reliability of PUF.
- Hardware security /
- Strong-Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) /
- Sequence cipher /
- Machine learning

HTML全文

图 1 APUF结构

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 机器学习中线性与非线性问题

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 序列密码结构

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 基于序列密码的强PUF抗ML攻击框图

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 基于序列密码的强PUF抗ML攻击电路

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 LR，ANN，SVM的攻击预测率

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 PUF输出响应分布情况

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 自相关性测试结果

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 片间汉明距离与片内汉明距离拟合曲线

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 预测率与统计特性的实验结果比较(%)

PUF结构	实现方法	硬件开销	随机性	唯一性	可靠性	LR	ANN	SVM
APUF	仿真	–	50.21	49.76	98.86	98.69	98.43	98.71
APUF	FPGA	19-Slice	50.73	49.56	98.82	97.94	97.47	97.28
2XOR-APUF	仿真	–	49.67	50.61	98.92	98.38	98.54	98.41
2XOR-APUF	FPGA	39-Slice	50.13	49.35	98.74	96.91	96.63	96.74
3XOR-APUF	仿真	–	49.63	49.12	98.37	98.06	98.10	98.01
3XOR-APUF	FPGA	58-Slice	49.72	49.68	97.22	95.89	95.48	95.11
4XOR-APUF	仿真	–	50.22	49.36	95.18	52.41	73.21	52.43
4XOR-APUF	FPGA	77-Slice	49.94	50.33	93.38	52.01	72.05	52.07
5XOR-APUF	仿真	–	49.28	49.52	93.61	51.76	55.46	51.79
5XOR-APUF	FPGA	96-Slice	50.07	50.59	92.54	51.04	54.78	51.32
SC-APUF	仿真	–	50.19	50.69	98.73	59.34	59.06	59.27
SC-APUF	FPGA	28-Slice	50.44	50.38	98.68	57.18	56.33	58.47

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(18)

[1]	汪鹏君, 李乐薇, 郑雁公, 等. 基于气敏传感器的高稳态物理不可克隆函数发生器[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2021, 43(6): 1596–1602. doi: 10.11999/JEIT201104 WANG Pengjun, LI Lewei, ZHENG Yangong, et al. High steady-state physical unclonable function generator based on gas sensors[J]. Journal of Electronics &Information Technology, 2021, 43(6): 1596–1602. doi: 10.11999/JEIT201104
[2]	ZHANG Jiliang and QU Gang. Physical unclonable function-based key sharing via machine learning for IoT security[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2020, 67(8): 7025–7033. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2938462
[3]	AMAN M N, TANEJA S, SIKDAR B, et al. Token-based security for the internet of things with dynamic energy-quality tradeoff[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2019, 6(2): 2843–2859. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2875472
[4]	CHATTERJEE B, DAS D, MAITY S, et al. RF-PUF: Enhancing IoT security through authentication of wireless nodes using in-situ machine learning[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2019, 6(1): 388–398. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2849324
[5]	PAPPU R, RECHT B, TAYLOR J, et al. Physical one-way functions[J]. Science, 2002, 297(5589): 2026–2030. doi: 10.1126/science.1074376
[6]	LI Gang, WANG Pengjun, MA Xuejiao, et al. A 215-F² bistable physically unclonable function with an ACF of < 0.005 and a native bit instability of 2.05% in 65-nm CMOS process[J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2020, 28(11): 2290–2299. doi: 10.1109/TVLSI.2020.3014892
[7]	CUI Yijun, WANG Chenghua, LIU Weiqiang, et al. Lightweight configurable ring oscillator PUF based on RRAM/CMOS hybrid circuits[J]. IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology, 2020, 1: 128–134. doi: 10.1109/OJNANO.2020.3040787
[8]	LIU Weiqiang, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Zhengran, et al. XOR-based low-cost reconfigurable PUFs for IoT security[J]. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 2019, 18(3): 25. doi: 10.1145/3274666
[9]	徐金甫, 吴缙, 李军伟, 等. 基于敏感度混淆机制的控制型物理不可克隆函数研究[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2019, 41(7): 1601–1609. doi: 10.11999/JEIT180775 XU Jinfu, WU Jin, LI Junwei, et al. Controlled physical unclonable function research based on sensitivity confusion mechanism[J]. Journal of Electronics &Information Technology, 2019, 41(7): 1601–1609. doi: 10.11999/JEIT180775
[10]	ZHANG Jiliang and SHEN Chaoqun. Set-based obfuscation for strong PUFs against machine learning attacks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 2021, 68(1): 288–300. doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2020.3028508
[11]	AVVARU S V S, ZENG Ziqing, and PARHI K K. Homogeneous and heterogeneous feed-forward XOR physical unclonable functions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2020, 15: 2485–2498. doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2020.2968113
[12]	GAO Yansong, MA Hua, AL-SARAWI S F, et al. PUF-FSM: A controlled strong PUF[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2018, 37(5): 1104–1108. doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2017.2740297
[13]	刘伟强, 崔益军, 王成华. 一种低成本物理不可克隆函数结构的设计实现及其RFID应用[J]. 电子学报, 2016, 44(7): 1772–1776. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0372-2112.2016.07.036 LIU Weiqiang, CUI Yijun, and WANG Chenghua. Design and implementation of a low-cost physical unclonable function and its application in RFID[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2016, 44(7): 1772–1776. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0372-2112.2016.07.036
[14]	SANTIKELLUR P and CHAKRABORTY R S. A computationally efficient tensor regression network-based modeling attack on XOR arbiter PUF and its variants[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2021, 40(6): 1197–1206. doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2020.3032624
[15]	VIJAYAKUMAR A and KUNDU S. A novel modeling attack resistant PUF design based on non-linear voltage transfer characteristics[C]. Proceedings of 2015 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition, Grenoble, France, 2015: 653–658. doi: 10.7873/DATE.2015.0522.
[16]	AVVARU S V S and PARHI K K. Effect of loop positions on reliability and attack resistance of feed-forward PUFs[C]. Proceedings of 2019 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, Miami, USA, 2019: 366–371. doi: 10.1109/ISVLSI.2019.00073.
[17]	XU Yunhao, LAO Yingjie, LIU Weiqiang, et al. Mathematical modeling analysis of strong physical unclonable functions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2020, 39(12): 4426–4438. doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2020.2969645
[18]	李俊志, 关杰. 非线性反馈移存器型序列密码的完全性通用算法[J]. 电子学报, 2018, 46(9): 2075–2080. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0372-2112.2018.09.005 LI Junzhi and GUAN Jie. Universal algorithm of full diffusion of stream cipher based on nonlinear feedback shift register[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2018, 46(9): 2075–2080. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0372-2112.2018.09.005