基于差分隐私模型的位置轨迹发布技术研究

冯登国; 张敏; 叶宇桐

doi:10.11999/JEIT190632

基于差分隐私模型的位置轨迹发布技术研究

doi: 10.11999/JEIT190632

冯登国^{1, 2, ,},
张敏^{1, 2},
叶宇桐¹

1.
中国科学院软件研究所可信计算与保障实验室北京 100190
2.
中国科学院软件研究所计算机科学国家重点实验室北京 100190

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(U1636216)

详细信息

作者简介:
冯登国：男，1965年生，中国科学院院士，研究员，研究方向为网络与信息安全

张敏：女，1975年生，研究员，研究方向为数据安全与隐私保护

叶宇桐：男，1993年生，博士生，研究方向为差分隐私保护技术

通讯作者:
冯登国　feng@is.iscas.ac.cn

¹⁾ 在表2中的时间复杂度分析中，n表示轨迹或位置数据集合的样本数目，m表示轨迹平均长度。
中图分类号: TN918
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-08-26
- 修回日期: 2019-11-30
- 网络出版日期: 2019-12-05
- 刊出日期: 2020-01-21

Research on Differentially Private Trajectory Data Publishing

Dengguo FENG^{1, 2
, ,},
Min ZHANG^{1, 2},
Yutong YE¹

1.
Trusted Computing and Information Assurance Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1636216)

摘要

摘要:
位置轨迹大数据的安全分享、发布需求离不开位置轨迹隐私保护技术支持。在差分隐私出现之前，K-匿名及其衍生模型为位置轨迹隐私保护提供了一种量化评估的手段，但其安全性严重依赖于攻击者所掌握的背景知识，当有新的攻击出现时模型无法提供完善的隐私保护。差分隐私技术的出现有效地弥补了上述问题，越来越多地应用于轨迹数据隐私发布领域中。该文对基于差分隐私理论的轨迹隐私保护技术进行了研究与分析，重点介绍了差分隐私模型下位置直方图、轨迹直方图等空间统计数据发布方法，差分隐私模型下轨迹数据集发布方法，以及连续轨迹实时发布隐私保护模型。与此同时，在对现有方法对比分析的基础上，提出了未来的重点发展方向。
- 隐私保护 /
- 差分隐私 /
- 位置大数据 /
- 轨迹大数据 /
- 数据发布
Abstract:
Securely sharing and publishing location trajectory data relies on support of location privacy protection technology. Prior to the advent of differential privacy, K-anonymity and its derived models provide a means of quantitative assessment of location-trajectory privacy protection. However, its security relies heavily on the background knowledge of the attacker, and the model can not provide perfect privacy protection when a new attack occurs. Differential privacy effectively compensates for the above problems, and it proves the level of privacy protection based on rigorous mathematical theory and is increasingly used in the field of trajectory data privacy publishing. Therefore, the trajectory privacy protection technology based on differential privacy theory is studied and analyzed, and the methods of spatial statistical data publishing are introduced such as location histogram and trajectory histogram, the method of trajectory data set publishing and the model of continuous real-time location release privacy protection. At the same time, the existing methods are compared and analyzed, the key development directions are put forward in the future.
- Privacy preserving /
- Differential privacy /
- Location big data /
- Trajectory big data /
- Data publishing
¹⁾ 在表2中的时间复杂度分析中，n表示轨迹或位置数据集合的样本数目，m表示轨迹平均长度。

HTML全文

图 1 基于四叉树的差分隐私位置计数查询方法

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 EH模型功能示意图

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图 3 轨迹序列的前缀树表示

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图 4 基于N-gram的搜索树方法

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 轨迹片段在RS2前缀树中的表达示例

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图 6 轨迹聚类方法过程示意图

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表 1 轨迹序列数据集

序号	路径
1	L1→L2→L3
2	L1→L2
3	L3→L2→L1
4	L1→L2→L4
5	L1→L2→L3
6	L3→L2
7	L1→L2→L4→L1
8	L3→L1

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 基于差分隐私保护的轨迹信息发布方法比较

类型	数据发布方法	隐私保护模型	隐私保护机制	发布数据类型	时间复杂度分析
空间直方图	四叉索引树，KD-索引树，K叉平均树，PrivTree	$ \left( {\varepsilon ,\delta } \right) - {\rm{DP}}$	Laplace机制	位置直方图	噪音的全局敏感度和树高相关，构建四叉树结构的复杂度为O(n·lgn)
	EH-DP, privSH	ε-DP ε-DP	Laplace机制和指数机制	轨迹直方图	构建EH数据结构的复杂度为O (mn)
	位置熵(LE)	$ \left( {\varepsilon ,\delta } \right) - {\rm{DP}}$	Laplace机制	位置熵直方图	用到了平滑敏感度替代全局敏感度，添加噪音较少，计算所有地理位置的熵需要遍历用户的地理位置，复杂度为O(mn)
轨迹集合发布	前缀树，n-gram, DPT, PST	ε-DP	Laplace机制	移动轨迹数据集	构建前缀树的复杂度为O(mn·lgm)
轨迹集合发布	K-means聚类，OPT K-means聚类	ε-DP	Laplace机制和指数机制	移动轨迹数据集	若聚类为k，迭代次数平均为t，由于采用差分隐私指数机制，复杂度为O (mktn^k)
连续轨迹发布	δ-位置集合，(δ, r)-位置集合	ε-DP	Laplace机制	单个轨迹点	假设攻击者知道用户的移动模式，使噪音添加的更合理。时间复杂为O(m\|$\Delta $X\|) (其中\|$\Delta $X\|为构建位置集合大小)
连续轨迹发布	Wasserstein机制，MQM机制，FGS-PufferFish机制	ε-PufferFish隐私	Laplace机制	单条轨迹	时间复杂度为O (nkm²·lgm) (其中k为PufferFish定义的空间关联的最大区域)

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