轻量级分组密码PUFFIN的差分故障攻击

袁庆军; 张勋成; 高杨; 王永娟

doi:10.11999/JEIT190506

轻量级分组密码PUFFIN的差分故障攻击

doi: 10.11999/JEIT190506

袁庆军^{1, 2},
张勋成^1, ,,
高杨¹,
王永娟^{1, 2}

1.
战略支援部队信息工程大学郑州 450001
2.
河南省网络密码技术重点实验室郑州 450001

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61602512)，河南省网络密码技术重点实验室开放基金(LNCT2019-S02)

详细信息

作者简介:
袁庆军：男，1993年生，讲师，研究方向为侧信道分析

张勋成：男，1997年生，实习研究员，研究方向为侧信道分析

高杨：男，1994年生，研究方向为密码算法设计与分析

王永娟：女，1982年生，研究员，研究方向为侧信道分析与密码系统安全

通讯作者:
张勋成　zhangxunc1122@gmail.com

中图分类号: TN918.4; TP309.7
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-07-05
- 修回日期: 2020-01-23
- 网络出版日期: 2020-02-25
- 刊出日期: 2020-06-22

Differential Fault Attack on the Lightweight Block Cipher PUFFIN

Qingjun YUAN^{1, 2},
Xuncheng ZHANG^{1
, ,},
Yang GAO¹,
Yongjuan WANG^{1, 2}

1.
PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2.
Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61602512), Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology(LNCT2019-S02)

摘要

摘要:
基于代换–置换网络结构的轻量级分组密码算法PUFFIN在资源受限的硬件环境中使用较广泛，差分故障攻击是针对硬件密码算法较为有效的攻击手段。该文针对PUFFIN算法，改进多比特故障模型，通过构建输出差分和可能输入值之间的关系，注入5次故障即可确定单个S盒唯一输入值；在最后一轮加密过程中注入10次故障，成功恢复轮密钥的概率为78.64%，进而可恢复初始密钥。
- 差分故障攻击 /
- 代换–置换网络结构 /
- PUFFIN算法
Abstract:
The lightweight block cipher algorithm PUFFIN based on substitution-permutation network structure is widely used in resource-constrained hardware environments. Differential fault attack is a more effective attack method for hardware cryptographic algorithms. The multi-bit fault model for PUFFIN algorithm is improved. By constructing the relationship between the output difference and the possible input values, the single input value of a single S-box can be determined by injecting 5 faults. The probability of successfully recovering the round key is 78.64%, and the initial key can be recovered.
- Differential fault attack /
- Substitution-permutation network structure /
- PUFFIN algorithm

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图 1 PUFFIN算法轮密钥恢复概率

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表 1 S盒映射(16进制表示)

x	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
S(x)	D	7	3	2	9	A	C	1	F	4	5	E	6	0	B	8

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表 2 P64置换

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
0	13	2	60	50	51	27	10	36
1	25	7	32	61	1	49	47	19
2	34	53	16	22	57	20	48	41
3	9	52	6	31	62	30	28	11
4	37	17	58	8	33	44	46	59
5	24	55	63	38	56	39	15	23
6	14	4	5	26	18	54	42	45
7	21	35	40	3	12	29	43	64

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表 3 PUFFIN密钥扩展算法

输入：初始密钥$K$。
输出：轮密钥${{\rm RK}_i}$, $i \in 1,2, ···,33$。
(1) 依据轮密钥选择表，从$K$提取64 bit的第1轮轮密钥${\rm{R}}{{\rm{K}}_1}$, 轮　　密钥选择表见文献[1]；
(2) for i in range(2～33), do
(3)　　依据密钥状态置换表，更新主密钥$K$，密钥状态置换表　　　　见文献[1]；
(4)　　 if $i \ne (2,5,6,8)$, do
(5)　　　　翻转主密钥$K$第0, 1, 2, 4个比特；
(6)　　end
(7)　　依据轮密钥选择表，从$K$提取64 bit的第$i$轮轮密钥${\rm{R}}{{\rm{K}}_i}$；
(8) end
(9) return ${\rm{R}}{{\rm{K}}_i}$.

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表 4 PUFFIN算法S盒差分分布表

$f$	输入差分固定情况下输出差分与输入值的对应关系
1	$f'$	1	3	6	A	B	D
1	$a$	2,3	4,5,E,F	C,D	0,1	8,9,A,B	6,7
2	$f'$	5	8	A	B	D	E
2	$a$	1,3,4,6	D,F	8,9,A,B	5,7	C,E	0,2
3	$f'$	1	4	6	8	B	E	F
3	$a$	8,9,A,B	1,2	5,6	4,7	D,E	C,F	0,3
4	$f'$	3	4	6	9	D	E	F
4	$a$	3,7	0,4,9,D	B,F	8,C	1,5	A,E	2,6
5	$f'$	2	5	7	D	E	F
5	$a$	2,7,9,C	B,E	0,5	A,F	1,3,4,6	8,D
6	$f'$	1	3	4	6	8	A	C	E
6	$a$	0,6	A,C	8,E	1,7	3,5	2,4	9,F	B,D
7	$f'$	5	7	8	9	B	C	F
7	$a$	A,D	8,F	B,C	2,5	1,3,4,6	0,7	9,E
8	$f'$	2	3	6	7	9	A	C	F
8	$a$	0,8	1,9	2,A	6,E	7,F	5,D	3,B	4,C
9	$f'$	4	7	8	9	A	C	D
9	$a$	6,F	3,A	1,8	0,4,9,D	7,E	5,C	2,B
A	$f'$	1	2	6	8	9	A	C
A	$a$	7,D	4,5,E,F	3,9	0,A	1,B	6,C	2,8
B	$f'$	1	2	3	7	C	D
B	$a$	4,5,E,F	1,A	0,B	2,7,9,C	6,D	3,8
C	$f'$	6	7	8	9	A	B	E	F
C	$a$	4,8	1,D	2,E	6,A	3,F	0,C	5,9	7,B
D	$f'$	1	2	4	5	9	B	D
D	$a$	1,C	6,B	7,A	5,8	3,E	2,F	0,4,9,D
E	$f'$	2	3	4	5	6	C	F
E	$a$	3,D	6,8	5,B	2,7,9,C	0,E	4,A	1,F
F	$f'$	3	4	5	7	8	C	E	F
F	$a$	2,D	3,C	0,F	4,B	6,9	1,E	7,8	5,A

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表 5 PUFFIN算法S盒局部差分分布表

$f$	输入差分固定情况下输出差分与输入值的对应关系
1	$f'$	1	3	6	A	B	D
1	$a$	2,3	4,5,E,F	C,D	0,1	8,9,A,B	6,7
2	$f'$	5	8	A	B	D	E
2	$a$	1,3,4,6	D,F	8,9,A,B	5,7	C,E	0,2
4	$f'$	3	4	6	9	D	E	F
4	$a$	3,7	0,4,9,D	B,F	8,C	1,5	A,E	2,6
8	$f'$	2	3	6	7	9	A	C	F
8	$a$	0,8	1,9	2,A	6,E	7,F	5,D	3,B	4,C

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表 6 PUFFIN输出差分表

输出差分$f'$	可能的输入值集合
1	2, 3
2	0, 8
3	1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, E, F
4	0,4,9,D
5	1, 3, 4, 6
6	2, A, B, C, D, F
7	6,E
8	D, F
9	7, 8, C, F
A	0, 1, 5, 8, 9, A, B, D
B	5, 7, 8, 9, A, B
C	3, B
D	1, 5, 6, 7, C, E
E	0, 2, A, E
F	2, 4, 6, C

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表 7 PUFFIN算法10次故障注入以内单个S盒输入值恢复情况

$L$	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
${N_L}$	76	564	2932	13380	57556	240324	987412	4019460	20389796
${N'_L}$	63	183	493	1335	3663	10263	29295	84855	308491
$P$	0.55	0.76	0.86	0.91	0.94	0.96	0.97	0.98	0.99

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