Multi-code Deep Fusion Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesis

GU Guanghua; SUN Wenxing; YI Boyu

doi:10.11999/JEIT250516

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GU Guanghua, SUN Wenxing, YI Boyu. Multi-code Deep Fusion Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesis[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT250516

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GU Guanghua, SUN Wenxing, YI Boyu. Multi-code Deep Fusion Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesis[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT250516

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Multi-code Deep Fusion Attention Generative Adversarial Networks for Text-to-Image Synthesis

doi: 10.11999/JEIT250516 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT250516

School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(62072394), Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (F2024203049)

Accepted Date: 2025-12-22
Rev Recd Date: 2025-12-22

Available Online: 2025-12-29

Abstract

Abstract

Objective Text-to-image synthesis, a cornerstone task in multimodal AI, focuses on generating photorealistic images that accurately reflect natural language descriptions. This capability is crucial for applications ranging from creative design and education to data augmentation and human-computer interaction. However, achieving high fidelity in both visual detail and semantic alignment remains a formidable challenge. Predominant Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based approaches typically condition generation on a single latent noise vector, a design that often proves inadequate for capturing the rich diversity of visual elements described in text. This can lead to outputs that lack intricate textures, nuanced colors, or specific structural details. Simultaneously, while attention mechanisms have improved semantic grounding, many models employ simplistic, single-focus attention that fails to model the complex, many-to-many relationships inherent in language—where a single phrase may describe multiple visual components, or a composite image region may be semantically linked to several words. These combined limitations result in a perceptible gap between textual intent and visual output. To bridge this gap, this work introduces a novel GAN architecture, the Multi-code Deep Feature Fusion Attention GAN (mDFA-GAN). Its primary objective is to fundamentally enhance the synthesis pipeline by simultaneously enriching the source of visual variation through multiple noise codes and deepening the semantic reasoning process via a multifaceted attention mechanism, thereby setting a new benchmark for detail accuracy and textual faithfulness in generated imagery. Methods This paper proposes the Multi-code Deep Feature Fusion Attention Generative Adversarial Network (mDFA-GAN). The architecture introduces three key innovations within its generator. First, a multi-noise input mechanism is employed, utilizing several independent noise vectors instead of a single one. This provides a richer latent foundation, with each noise potentially specializing in different visual aspects like structure, texture, or color. Second, to effectively integrate information from these multiple sources, a Multi-code Prior Fusion Module is designed. It operates on intermediate feature maps using learnable, adaptive channel-wise weights, performing a weighted summation to dynamically combine distinct visual concepts into a coherent, detail-enriched representation. Third, a Multi-head Attention Module is integrated into the generator's later stages. Unlike conventional single-head attention that often links a region to one word, this module computes attention between image features and word embeddings across multiple independent heads. This allows each image region to be informed by a context derived from several relevant words, enabling more nuanced and accurate semantic grounding. The model is trained with a unidirectional discriminator using a conditional hinge loss augmented with a Matching-Aware zero-centered Gradient Penalty (MA-GP) to stabilize training and enforce text-image matching. Furthermore, a dedicated multi-code fusion loss is introduced to minimize variance among features from different noise inputs, ensuring their spatial and semantic coherence for stable, high-quality synthesis. Results and Discussions The proposed mDFA-GAN is evaluated on the CUB-200-2011 and MS COCO datasets. Qualitative results, as shown in (Fig. 7) and (Fig. 8), demonstrate its superior capability in generating images with accurate colors, fine-grained details (e.g., specific plumage patterns, object shapes), and coherent complex scenes. It successfully renders subtle textual attributes often missed by baselines. Quantitatively, mDFA-GAN achieves state-of-the-art performance. It obtains the highest Inception Score (IS) of 4.82 on CUB (Table 2), indicating better perceptual quality and alignment with text. Crucially, it achieves the lowest Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) scores of 13.45 on CUB and 16.50 on COCO (Table 3), outperforming established GANs like DF-GAN, AttnGAN, and DM-GAN. This confirms that its generated images are statistically closer to real images. Ablation studies provide clear evidence for each component's contribution. Removing either the fusion module or the attention module degrades performance (Table 4), validating their roles in enhancing detail and semantic consistency, respectively. The proposed multi-code fusion loss is also shown to be essential for training stability and output quality (Table 5). An analysis on the number of noise codes identifies three as optimal (Table 6). Regarding efficiency, mDFA-GAN maintains a fast inference speed of 0.8 seconds per image (Table 7), retaining the advantage of GANs over slower diffusion models while offering significantly improved quality. Conclusions In this paper, we propose mDFA-GAN, a novel and highly effective framework for text-to-image synthesis that makes significant strides in overcoming two persistent challenges: limited fine-grained detail and imperfect semantic alignment. By architecturally decoupling the latent representation into multiple specialized noise codes and fusing them adaptively, the model gains a superior capacity for generating intricate visual details. By employing a multi-head cross-modal attention mechanism, it achieves a deeper, more context-aware understanding of the text, leading to precise semantic grounding. Extensive experiments on established benchmarks demonstrate that mDFA-GAN sets a new state-of-the-art for GAN-based methods, as quantitatively validated by superior IS and FID scores and qualitatively evidenced by highly detailed and semantically faithful image samples. The comprehensive ablation analyses conclusively validate the necessity and synergy of each proposed component. This work not only presents a powerful model for text-to-image generation but also offers architectural insights that could inform future research in multimodal representation learning and detailed visual synthesis.
- Generative Adversarial Network,
- Text-to-Image,
- Cross-Modal,
- Multi-Code Prior Fusion

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References(33)

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