Citation: | SU Zhaoyang, LIU Liu, AI Bo, ZHOU Tao, HAN Zijie, DUAN Xianglong, ZHANG Jiachi. Survey of Satellite-ground Channel Models for Low Earth Orbit Satellites[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2024, 46(5): 1684-1702. doi: 10.11999/JEIT230941 |
[1] |
IMT-2030(6G)推进组. 6G总体愿景与潜在关键技术白皮书[R]. 北京: IMT-2030 推进组, 2021.
IMT-2030(6G) Promotion Group. 6G overall vision and potential key technology white paper[R]. Beijing: IMT-2030 Promotion Group, 2021.
|
[2] |
陈山枝. 关于低轨卫星通信的分析及我国的发展建议[J]. 电信科学, 2020, 36(6): 1–13. doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2020181.
CHEN Shanzhi. Analysis of LEO satellite communication and suggestions for its development strategy in China[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2020, 36(6): 1–13. doi: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2020181.
|
[3] |
徐常志, 靳一, 李立, 等. 面向6G的星地融合无线传输技术[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2021, 43(1): 28–36. doi: 10.11999/JEIT200363.
XU Changzhi, JIN Yi, LI Li, et al. Wireless transmission technology of satellite-terrestrial integration for 6G mobile communication[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2021, 43(1): 28–36. doi: 10.11999/JEIT200363.
|
[4] |
NOSCHESE P, PORFILI S, and DI GIROLAMO S. ADS-B via iridium next satellites[C]. 2011 Tyrrhenian International Workshop on Digital Communications-Enhanced Surveillance of Aircraft and Vehicles, Capri, Italy, 2011: 213–218.
|
[5] |
MCDOWELL J C. The low earth orbit satellite population and impacts of the SpaceX Starlink constellation[J]. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2020, 892(2): L36. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab8016.
|
[6] |
SU Mudan, SU Xing, ZHAO Qile, et al. BeiDou augmented navigation from low earth orbit satellites[J]. Sensors, 2019, 19(1): 198. doi: 10.3390/s19010198.
|
[7] |
LIN Xingqin, ROMMER S, EULER S, et al. 5G from space: An overview of 3GPP non-terrestrial networks[J]. IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2021, 5(4): 147–153. doi: 10.1109/MCOMSTD.011.2100038.
|
[8] |
BAEZA V M, LAGUNAS E, AL-HRAISHAWI H, et al. An overview of channel models for NGSO satellites[C]. 2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall), London, United Kingdom, 2022: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012693.
|
[9] |
ITU-R P. 618–2017 Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of earth-space telecommunication systems[S]. 2017.
|
[10] |
ITU-R. P. 2108-2021 Prediction of clutter loss: ITU-R Recommendation[S]. 2021.
|
[11] |
HOSSEINIAN M, CHOI J P, CHANG S H, et al. Review of 5G NTN standards development and technical challenges for satellite integration with the 5G network[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 2021, 36(8): 22–31. doi: 10.1109/MAES.2021.3072690.
|
[12] |
3GPP TR 38.811-2020 Study on new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks[S]. 2020.
|
[13] |
3GPP TR 38.901-2022 Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz[S]. 2022.
|
[14] |
3GPP TR 38.821-2020 Solutions for NR to support non-terrestrial networks (NTN)[S]. 2020.
|
[15] |
3GPP TS 38.101-5-2023 NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 5: Satellite access Radio Frequency (RF) and performance requirements[S]. 2023.
|
[16] |
ITU-R P. 676-2022 Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related effects[S]. 2022.
|
[17] |
中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. YD/T 984-2020 卫星通信链路大气和降雨衰减计算方法[S]. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2020.
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. YD/T 984-2020 Methods for calculating attenuations by atmospheric gases and rain in the satellite communication link[S]. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press, 2020.
|
[18] |
PANAGOPOULOS A D, ARAPOGLOU P D M, and COTTIS P G. Satellite communications at Ku, Ka, and V bands: Propagation impairments and mitigation techniques[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2004, 6(3): 2–14. doi: 10.1109/COMST.2004.5342290.
|
[19] |
PANAGOPOULOS A D, ARAPOGLOU P D M, KANELLOPOULOS J D, et al. Long-term rain attenuation probability and site diversity gain prediction formulas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2005, 53(7): 2307–2313. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2005.850762.
|
[20] |
LIVIERATOS S, KATSAMBAS V, and KANELLOPOULOS J. A global method for the prediction of the slant path rain attenuation statistics[J]. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2000, 14(5): 713–724. doi: 10.1163/156939300X01436.
|
[21] |
KANELLOPOULOS S A, KOUROGIORGAS C I, PANAGOPOULOS A D, et al. Channel model for satellite communication links above 10GHz based on Weibull distribution[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2014, 18(4): 568–571. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2014.013114.131950.
|
[22] |
KOUROGIORGAS C I and PANAGOPOULOS A D. Space-time stochastic rain fading channel for multiple LEO or MEO satellite slant paths[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 2018, 7(3): 284–287. doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2772248.
|
[23] |
CORNEJO A, LANDEROS-AYALA S, MATIAS J M, et al. Method of rain attenuation prediction based on long–short term memory network[J]. Neural Processing Letters, 2022, 54(4): 2959–2995. doi: 10.1007/s11063-022-10749-1.
|
[24] |
DOMB M and LESHEM G. Rain Attenuation Prediction for 2.4-72GHz using LTSM, an artificial recurrent neural network technology[C]. 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2021: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICECCE52056.2021.9514095.
|
[25] |
THIENNVIBOON P and WISUTIMATEEKORN S. Rain attenuation prediction modeling for Earth-space links using artificial neural networks[C]. 2019 16th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Pattaya, Thailand, 2019: 29–32. doi: 10.1109/ECTI-CON47248.2019.8955194.
|
[26] |
HUANG Jiying, GONG Shuhong, and CAI Benxiao. The frequency scaling ratio factor of rain attenuation in Ka waveband along earth-space path in China[C]. 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering, Inner Mongolia, China, 2011: 7831–7833. doi: 10.1109/MACE.2011.5988868.
|
[27] |
张蕊, 林乐科, 赵振维, 等. 5G共存分析中地物附加损耗模型研究[J]. 电波科学学报, 2017, 32(5): 578–583. doi: 10.13443/j.cjors.2017091802.
ZHANG Rui, LIN Leke, ZHAO Zhenwei, et al. Research on clutter loss model in sharing studies of 5G[J]. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2017, 32(5): 578–583. doi: 10.13443/j.cjors.2017091802.
|
[28] |
ISHIMOTO K, ICHITSUBO S, OMOTE H, et al. Elevation angle characteristics of clutter loss in urban areas for mobile communications[C]. 2019 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Xi'an, China, 2019: 1–4.
|
[29] |
ITU-R P. 2040-2015 Effects of building materials and structures on radiowave propagation above about 100 MHz: Recommendation[S]. 2015.
|
[30] |
MONTENEGRO-VILLACIEROS B, BISHOP J, and CHAREAU J M. Clutter loss measurements and simulations at 26 GHz and 40 GHz[C]. 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Krakow, Poland, 2019: 1–5.
|
[31] |
MONTENEGRO-VILLACIEROS B, CHAREAU J M, BISHOP J, et al. Clutter loss measurements in suburban environment at 26 GHz and 40 GHz[C]. 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), London, UK, 2018: 1–4. doi: 10.1049/cp.2018.0876.
|
[32] |
ALI I, AL-DHAHIR N, and HERSHEY J E. Doppler characterization for LEO satellites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 1998, 46(3): 309–313. doi: 10.1109/26.662636.
|
[33] |
GUIDOTTI A, VANELLI-CORALLI A, CAUS M, et al. Satellite-enabled LTE systems in LEO constellations[C]. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Paris, France, 2017: 876–881. doi: 10.1109/ICCW.2017.7962769.
|
[34] |
LIN Xingqin, LIN Zhipeng, LÖWENMARK S E, et al. Doppler shift estimation in 5G new radio non-terrestrial networks[C]. 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Madrid, Spain, 2021: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685184.
|
[35] |
KHAN T A and AFSHANG M. A stochastic geometry approach to Doppler characterization in a LEO satellite network[C]. ICC 2020–2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dublin, Ireland, 2020: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICC40277.2020.9148880.
|
[36] |
LIN Jiangnan, HOU Zhanwei, ZHOU Yiqing, et al. Map estimation based on Doppler characterization in broadband and mobile LEO satellite communications[C]. 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Nanjing, China, 2016: 1–5. doi: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2016.7504336.
|
[37] |
KIM S, PARK J, and LEE C. CNN-based Doppler shift estimation for low earth orbit satellites[C]. 2022 37th International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC), Phuket, Thailand, 2022: 1–3. doi: 10.1109/ITC-CSCC55581.2022.9894921.
|
[38] |
VASYLYEV D, BÉNIGUEL Y, VOLKER W, et al. Modeling of ionospheric scintillation[J]. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 2022, 12: 22. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022016.
|
[39] |
DING Sheng, LI Limin, and LIU Huijie. Multipath channel measurements and analysis at UHF band for LEO satellites[C]. 2010 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, Shenzhen, China, 2010: 112–116. doi: 10.1109/CMC.2010.158.
|
[40] |
ORABI M, KHALIFE J, and KASSAS Z M. Opportunistic navigation with Doppler measurements from Iridium Next and Orbcomm LEO satellites[C]. 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference (50100), Big Sky, USA, 2021: 1–9. doi: 10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438454.
|
[41] |
ZHU Yazhou, HOFMANN C A, and KNOPP A. Ka-band LEO satellite internet of things channel characterization: Survey and measurement[C]. ICC 2022-IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seoul, Korea, 2022: 3076–3081. doi: 10.1109/ICC45855.2022.9838878.
|
[42] |
MORAITIS N, MILAS V, and CON S TANTINOU P. On the empirical model comparison for the land mobile satellite channel[C]. 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference-VTC2007-Spring, Dublin, Ireland, 2007: 1405–1409. doi: 10.1109/VETECS.2007.294.
|
[43] |
BARTS R M and STUTZMAN W L. Modeling and simulation of mobile satellite propagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1992, 40(4): 375–382. doi: 10.1109/8.138838.
|
[44] |
VOGEL W and GOLDHIRSH J. Tree attenuation at 869 MHz derived from remotely piloted aircraft measurements[J]. IEEE transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1986, 34(12): 1460–1464. doi: 10.1109/TAP.1986.1143781.
|
[45] |
GOLDHIRSH J and VOGEL W. Roadside tree attenuation measurements at UHF for land mobile satellite systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1987, 35(5): 589–596. doi: 10.1109/TAP.1987.1144137.
|
[46] |
GOLDHIRSH J and VOGEL W J. Mobile satellite system fade statistics for shadowing and multipath from roadside trees at UHF and L-band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1989, 37(4): 489–498. doi: 10.1109/8.24169.
|
[47] |
GOLDHIRSH J and VOGEL W J. An overview of results derived from mobile-satellite propagation experiments[C]. The 2nd International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC 1990), Ottawa, Canada, 1990: 219–224.
|
[48] |
VOGEL W J and GOLDHIRSH J. Mobile satellite system propagation measurements at L-band using MARECS-B2[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1990, 38(2): 259–264. doi: 10.1109/8.45129.
|
[49] |
SFORZA M, BUONOMO S, and MARTINI A. ESA research activities in the field of channel modelling and simulation for land mobile satellite systems[J]. COST 227: Land Mobile Satellite Communications Systems, 1993(93): 044.
|
[50] |
GOLDHIRSH J and VOGEL W J. An extended empirical roadside shadowing model for estimating fade distributions from UHF to K-band for mobile satellite communications[J]. Space Communications, 1995, 13(3): 225–237.
|
[51] |
PARKS M A N, EVANS B G, and BUTT G. High elevation angle propagation results, applied to a statistical model and an enhanced empirical model[J]. Electronics Letters, 1993, 29(19): 1723–1725. doi: 10.1049/el:19931146.
|
[52] |
AL-HOURANI A and GUVENC I. On modeling satellite-to-ground path-loss in urban environments[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2021, 25(3): 696–700. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2020.3037351.
|
[53] |
LOO C. A statistical model for a land mobile satellite link[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1985, 34(3): 122–127. doi: 10.1109/T-VT.1985.24048.
|
[54] |
LOO C and SECORD N. Computer models for fading channels with applications to digital transmission[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1991, 40(4): 700–707. doi: 10.1109/25.108380.
|
[55] |
CORAZZA G E and VATALARO F. A statistical model for land mobile satellite channels and its application to nongeostationary orbit systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1994, 43(3): 738–742. doi: 10.1109/25.312773.
|
[56] |
HWANG S H, KIM K J, AHN J Y, et al. A channel model for nongeostationary orbiting satellite system[C]. 1997 IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference. Technology in Motion, Phoenix, USA, 1997: 41–45. doi: 10.1109/VETEC.1997.596315.
|
[57] |
ABDI A, LAU W C, ALOUINI M S, et al. A new simple model for land mobile satellite channels: First-and second-order statistics[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2003, 2(3): 519–528. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2003.811182.
|
[58] |
XIE Yongjun and FANG Yuguang. A general statistical channel model for mobile satellite systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2000, 49(3): 744–752. doi: 10.1109/25.845094.
|
[59] |
李兴, 吴诗其. 卫星移动通信信道LR2模型及系统性能分析[J]. 电波科学学报, 2003, 18(3): 305–310. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2003.03.015.
LI Xing and WU Shiqi. A LR2 model for mobile satellite channels and its system performance analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2003, 18(3): 305–310. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2003.03.015.
|
[60] |
ALFANO G and DE MAIO A. Sum of squared shadowed-rice random variables and its application to communication systems performance prediction[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2007, 6(10): 3540–3545. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2007.060202.
|
[61] |
CLEMENTE M C and PARIS J F. Closed-form statistics for sum of squared Rician shadowed variates and its application[J]. Electronics Letters, 2014, 50(2): 120–121. doi: 10.1049/el.2013.0969.
|
[62] |
LUTZ E, CYGAN D, DIPPOLD M, et al. The land mobile satellite communication channel-recording, statistics, and channel model[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1991, 40(2): 375–386. doi: 10.1109/25.289418.
|
[63] |
BISCHEL H, WERNER M, and LUTZ E. Elevation-dependent channel model and satellite diversity for NGSO S-PCNs[C]. Vehicular Technology Conference-VTC, Atlanta, USA, 1996: 1038–1042. doi: 10.1109/VETEC.1996.501469.
|
[64] |
FONTÁN F P, GONZÁLEZ J P, FERREIRO M J S, et al. Complex envelope three-state Markov model based simulator for the narrow-band LMS channel[J]. International Journal of Satellite Communications, 1997, 15(1): 1–15. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1247(199701)15:1<1::AID-SAT563>3.0.CO;2-R.
|
[65] |
荣剑, 申东娅, 孙静. RM陆地移动卫星信道模型[J]. 云南大学学报: 自然科学版, 2006, 28(6): 487–491. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0258-7971.2006.06.006.
RONG Jian, SHEN Dongya, and SUN Jing. RM channel model for land mobile satellite[J]. Journal of Yunnan University: Natural Sciences Edition, 2006, 28(6): 487–491. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0258-7971.2006.06.006.
|
[66] |
CID E L, SANCHEZ G M, and ALEJOS A V. Wideband analysis of the satellite communication channel at Ku- and X-Bands[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2016, 65(4): 2787–2790. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2015.2425037.
|
[67] |
VUCETIC B and DU J. Channel modeling and simulation in satellite mobile communication systems[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1992, 10(8): 1209–1218. doi: 10.1109/49.166746.
|
[68] |
SHEN Dongya, RONG Jian, YANG Yihuai, et al. The six-state Markov model for land mobile satellite channels[C]. 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Beijing, China, 2005: 1619–1622. doi: 10.1109/MAPE.2005.1618239.
|
[69] |
ALASSEUR C, SCALISE S, HUSSON L, et al. A novel approach to model the land mobile satellite channel through reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo technique[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2008, 7(2): 532–542. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2008.05544.
|
[70] |
LOPEZ-SALAMANCA J J, SEMAN L O, BEREJUCK M D, et al. Finite-state Markov chains channel model for CubeSats communication uplink[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2020, 56(1): 142–154. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2019.2911769.
|
[71] |
VOGEL W J and HONG U S. Measurement and modeling of land mobile satellite propagation at UHF and L-band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(5): 707–719. doi: 10.1109/8.192148.
|
[72] |
SCHUBERT F M, FLEURY B H, PRIETO-CERDEIRA R, et al. A rural channel model for satellite navigation applications[C]. 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Prague, Czech Republic, 2012: 2431–2435. doi: 10.1109/EuCAP.2012.6206522.
|
[73] |
BAI Lu, WANG Chengxiang, GOUSSETIS G, et al. Channel modeling for satellite communication channels at Q-band in high latitude[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 137691–137703. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2941975.
|
[74] |
HU Lingling, ZHANG Zhizhong, DENG Bingguang, et al. Channel modeling for UAV-aided LEO satellite communication[C]. 2021 24th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), Okayama, Japan, 2021: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/WPMC52694.2021.9700458.
|
[75] |
JUNG D H, RYU J G, BYUN W J, et al. Performance analysis of satellite communication system under the shadowed-rician fading: A stochastic geometry approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2022, 70(4): 2707–2721. doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3142290.
|
[76] |
PIACENTINI M and RINALDI F. Path loss prediction in urban environment using learning machines and dimensionality reduction techniques[J]. Computational Management Science, 2011, 8(4): 371–385. doi: 10.1007/s10287-010-0121-8.
|
[77] |
UCCELLARI M, FACCHINI F, SOLA M, et al. On the use of support vector machines for the prediction of propagation losses in smart metering systems[C]. 2016 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), Vietri sul Mare, Italy, 2016: 1–6. doi: 10.1109/MLSP.2016.7738887.
|
[78] |
OROZA C A, ZHANG Ziran, WATTEYNE T, et al. A machine-learning-based connectivity model for complex terrain large-scale low-power wireless deployments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 2017, 3(4): 576–584. doi: 10.1109/TCCN.2017.2741468.
|
[79] |
ATES H F, HASHIR S M, BAYKAS T, et al. Path loss exponent and shadowing factor prediction from satellite images using deep learning[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 101366–101375. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2931072.
|
[80] |
BAI Lu, XU Qian, WU Shangbin, et al. A novel atmosphere-informed data-driven predictive channel modeling for B5G/6G satellite-terrestrial wireless communication systems at Q-band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020, 69(12): 14225–14237. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2020.3037212.
|
[81] |
BAI Lu, XU Qian, HUANG Ziwei, et al. An atmospheric data-driven Q-band satellite channel model with feature selection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2022, 70(6): 4002–4013. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3137285.
|
[82] |
ALON M M D and LESHEM G. Satellite to ground station, attenuation prediction for 2.4–72 GHz using LTSM, an artificial recurrent neural network technology[J]. Electronics, 2022, 11(4): 541. doi: 10.3390/electronics 11040541.
|
[83] |
AL HOMSSI B, CHAN C C, WANG Ke, et al. Deep learning forecasting and statistical modeling for Q/V-band LEO satellite channels[J]. IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking, 2023, 1: 78–89. doi: 10.1109/TMLCN.2023.3286793.
|
[84] |
KUMAR R and ARNON S. Deep learning based scintillation prediction for satellite link using measured data[C]. 2022 45th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Prague, Czech Republic, 2022: 246–249. doi: 10.1109/TSP55681.2022.9851250.
|