Load Optimization of Inverter Air Conditioning Cluster Driven by Constraint Surface Projection and Spatial-Fitness Synergy

ZHENG Bowen; PAN Mingming; WANG Lei; LIU Chang; ZHENG Qingrong; TANG Zhuofan; ZHAO Jianli

doi:10.11999/JEIT260149

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ZHENG Bowen, PAN Mingming, WANG Lei, LIU Chang, ZHENG Qingrong, TANG Zhuofan, ZHAO Jianli. Load Optimization of Inverter Air Conditioning Cluster Driven by Constraint Surface Projection and Spatial-Fitness Synergy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT260149

Citation:

ZHENG Bowen, PAN Mingming, WANG Lei, LIU Chang, ZHENG Qingrong, TANG Zhuofan, ZHAO Jianli. Load Optimization of Inverter Air Conditioning Cluster Driven by Constraint Surface Projection and Spatial-Fitness Synergy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT260149

Citation:

ZHENG Bowen, PAN Mingming, WANG Lei, LIU Chang, ZHENG Qingrong, TANG Zhuofan, ZHAO Jianli. Load Optimization of Inverter Air Conditioning Cluster Driven by Constraint Surface Projection and Spatial-Fitness Synergy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT260149

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Load Optimization of Inverter Air Conditioning Cluster Driven by Constraint Surface Projection and Spatial-Fitness Synergy

doi: 10.11999/JEIT260149 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT260149

1.
China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
2.
College of Artificial Intelligence, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China)
3.
State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200022, China

Funds: the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China (No. 5400-202340383A-2-3-XG)

Accepted Date: 2026-05-14
Rev Recd Date: 2026-05-14

Available Online: 2026-06-02

Abstract

Abstract

Objective Supply-demand imbalances in modern power distribution networks are exacerbated by the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy and frequent extreme weather events. Consequently, large-scale inverter air conditioning (IAC) clusters are utilized for Demand Response (DR) as a viable strategy to enhance grid flexibility. However, existing dispatch strategies are often limited by the curse of dimensionality, and aggregate power equality constraints are not strictly met without compromising user comfort. In this study, an optimization framework is developed to achieve precise grid power control while thermal discomfort is minimized and fairness among heterogeneous users is maintained. Methods A multi-objective optimization framework based on an Equivalent Thermal Parameter (ETP) model is established to evaluate the thermodynamic states of heterogeneous buildings. To balance collective comfort and individual fairness, a composite fitness function is designed, in which a weighted mean square error term, a temperature variance penalty, and a violation suppression term are integrated. To address the steady-state errors inherent in traditional penalty-based methods, a Spatial-Fitness Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (SFA-PSO) algorithm is proposed. Particles are mapped strictly onto the power conservation hyperplane by a geometric constraint surface projection mechanism to ensure power balance. Furthermore, learning factors are dynamically adjusted by a spatial-fitness synergistic strategy based on the cognitive dissonance between a particle's fitness rank and spatial distance rank, whereby premature convergence in high-dimensional spaces is prevented. Results and Discussions Extensive continuous scheduling simulations were conducted under a complex dynamic environment, which comprehensively incorporated multi-source thermal disturbances, a 1% bidirectional communication packet loss rate, and varying part load ratios of 20%, 50%, and 80%.First, regarding the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms, ablation experiments confirmed that the constraint surface projection guarantees power tracking accuracy. While traditional penalty-based methods (e.g., Penalty-PSO) exhibited steady-state power deviations of approximately 10^-¹ kW, SFA-PSO successfully restricted the aggregate power tracking errors within 10^-⁹ kW (Fig. 3). Furthermore, the introduction of the Spatial-Fitness Adaptive (SFA) strategy effectively prevented the premature convergence observed in Phy-PSO, enabling continuous fitness descent particularly in low-load scenarios with narrow feasible regions (Fig. 4). This is directly attributed to the dynamic evolution of the learning factors, where the cognitive factor remains high initially to encourage global exploration, and subsequently decreases while the social factor rises to enhance precise local exploitation (Fig. 5).Second, in terms of continuous dynamic scheduling performance, a 6-hour simulation during the peak load period (12:00 to 18:00) with 5-minute dispatch intervals, totaling 72 decision steps, was executed. Under extreme power limitations, standard algorithms like GA and WOA suffered from severe power limit violations due to poor synergy with the projection mechanism, whereas SFA-PSO maintained perfect constraint satisfaction (Fig. 7). SFA-PSO consistently positioned itself at the lowest fitness level throughout the real-time evolution curves, demonstrating superior robustness against environmental thermal noise and network transmission delays (Fig. 8). Quantitatively, compared to eight baseline algorithms including SLPSO, CSO, and DSCPSO, the proposed SFA-PSO achieved the most outstanding comprehensive performance with an average fitness of 904, a minimum fitness of 243, and the lowest standard deviation of 551 (Table 2).Finally, comprehensive scalability analyses across diverse cluster sizes ranging from 100 to 1,000 nodes further validated the algorithm's high-dimensional solving capability. Across all scale scenarios, SFA-PSO exhibited the strongest optimization capacity, characterized by a rapid initial descent within the first 20 iterations and sustained exploration in later stages (Fig. 9). Although the integration of the projection and SFA mechanisms increased the computational time by 30% to 50% compared to the basic PSO algorithm (Fig. 6) , the absolute optimization solving time remained highly stable at approximately 1.5 seconds even for a massive 1,000-node cluster (Fig. 9). This minor computational overhead is entirely negligible for minute-level control cycles, fully satisfying the stringent real-time dispatch requirements of modern smart grids. Conclusions The steady-state error limitations of traditional soft-constraint methods in aggregate power control are effectively addressed by the proposed SFA-PSO algorithm. By ensuring precise tracking of dispatch commands and mitigating high-dimensional traps, a robust and scalable solution is provided for the flexible scheduling of large-scale IAC loads in smart grids, and a practical balance between grid-side regulation and user-side comfort is maintained. Objectively, cross-algorithm generalization is restricted by the inherent algorithm dependency of the constraint projection mechanism, and additional computational overhead is introduced to guarantee high-precision tracking. Consequently, adaptive constraint processing and algorithm lightweighting technologies are primary focuses for future research.
- Demand response,
- Particle swarm optimization,
- HVAC cluster power

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References(26)

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