Design of a Narrowband Energy-Selective Protective Antenna Integrating Electromagnetic Protection and Out-of-Band Interference Suppression

GAI Longjie; XU Yanlin; WANG Sijun; LIU Peiguo; HU Ning; HE Zhengwei

doi:10.11999/JEIT251363

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GAI Longjie, XU Yanlin, WANG Sijun, LIU Peiguo, HU Ning, HE Zhengwei. Design of a Narrowband Energy-Selective Protective Antenna Integrating Electromagnetic Protection and Out-of-Band Interference Suppression[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT251363

Citation:

GAI Longjie, XU Yanlin, WANG Sijun, LIU Peiguo, HU Ning, HE Zhengwei. Design of a Narrowband Energy-Selective Protective Antenna Integrating Electromagnetic Protection and Out-of-Band Interference Suppression[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT251363

Citation:

GAI Longjie, XU Yanlin, WANG Sijun, LIU Peiguo, HU Ning, HE Zhengwei. Design of a Narrowband Energy-Selective Protective Antenna Integrating Electromagnetic Protection and Out-of-Band Interference Suppression[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT251363

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Design of a Narrowband Energy-Selective Protective Antenna Integrating Electromagnetic Protection and Out-of-Band Interference Suppression

doi: 10.11999/JEIT251363 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT251363

1.
College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
2.
Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62293491, 62571533, 62501643)

Received Date: 2025-12-25
Accepted Date: 2026-03-10
Rev Recd Date: 2026-03-10

Available Online: 2026-03-22

Abstract

Abstract

Objective With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, the Electromagnetic (EM) environment is becoming increasingly complex. Electronic information equipment is facing growing challenges from High-Intensity Radiation Fields (HIRFs) and out-of-band interference. This trend makes the co-design of EM protection and out-of-band interference suppression in electronic information systems an urgent issue. As the front end of the radio-frequency channel, antennas provide the main path by which EM waves in free space are converted into guided waves in microwave circuits. High-power EM waves can couple into a system through an antenna and cause EM damage. In single-frequency applications, if an antenna does not exhibit narrowband characteristics, out-of-band interference signals may also enter the system through the antenna and disrupt normal operation. A narrowband energy-selective protective antenna should therefore be developed to provide both out-of-band interference suppression and in-band EM protection against strong EM threats, thereby improving the operational stability and environmental adaptability of electronic information equipment in complex EM environments. Methods A coaxial-fed microstrip patch antenna is designed, and its structure is optimized through simulation for operation at 915 MHz. The antenna structure is designed to provide both narrowband behavior and EM protection, thereby achieving integrated EM protection and out-of-band interference suppression. A high dielectric constant is used to support both antenna miniaturization and narrowband operation. Accordingly, a TP-2 substrate with a dielectric constant of 20 is selected to obtain the required narrowband response. In a conventional coaxial-fed microstrip patch antenna, the probe passes directly through the dielectric substrate and connects to the radiating patch, which leaves insufficient space for the integration of a protective structure. To solve this problem, a layered-substrate design with a central hollow cavity is adopted. This configuration forms a layered cavity protective structure and enables the antenna itself to exhibit energy-selective protection characteristics. Results and Discussions To verify the performance of the proposed antenna, physical fabrication and experimental measurements are carried out (Fig. 14). The measured center frequency is 928.5 MHz, and the operating bandwidth is 927.0-930.0 MHz. Although the measured center frequency is shifted by 12.8 MHz from the simulated design value, the antenna still exhibits favorable narrowband characteristics (Fig. 15). The measured radiation pattern agrees well with the simulated result. In the Phi = 0 deg plane, a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern is observed, and the measured maximum gain reaches 2.5 dBi (Figs 11 and 16). The Shielding Effectiveness (SE) is measured by a high-power injection method. As the injected power increases, the radiated power increases linearly. When the injected power reaches 22 dBm, the increase in radiated power begins to saturate, which indicates that the diodes in the protective structure start to conduct and that the energy-selective mechanism is activated. As the injected power increases further, the SE rises gradually. When the injected power reaches 48 dBm, the radiated power rises sharply to the level of the original linear radiation curve, and the SE drops abruptly, which indicates diode breakdown and failure of the protective structure. In summary, the activation threshold of the protection function is 26 dBm, and the device failure threshold is 48 dBm. Within this range, the maximum SE reaches 26 dB (Fig. 18). Conclusions Based on a coaxial-fed microstrip patch antenna, a narrowband energy-selective protective antenna with integrated EM protection and out-of-band interference suppression is designed and demonstrated. The complete process is covered, including theoretical analysis, structural simulation and optimization, prototype fabrication, and experimental verification. First, Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) is used to examine the potential operating modes of the microstrip patch antenna. By analyzing the electric- and magnetic-field modal distributions, the impedance-matching characteristics are clarified, and the optimal coaxial feed position is determined. Next, the use of a high-permittivity substrate enables both antenna miniaturization and narrowband performance, and an Interference Suppression Capability (ISC) better than 22.1 dB is achieved. A layered-substrate structure with a central hollow cavity is then proposed, and a cavity-based protective structure integrated into the feed-probe region is established. An equivalent-circuit model is also developed to explain the operating mechanisms of the antenna in both the normal and protective states. Finally, the antenna prototype is fabricated and tested. The measured results show favorable narrowband characteristics, good agreement between the measured and simulated radiation patterns, and a measured maximum gain of 2.5 dBi. In addition, by applying the reciprocity principle and using a high-power injection method for SE testing, a maximum SE of 26 dB is obtained, which confirms the excellent EM protection capability of the antenna. Compared with existing protective antennas, the proposed structure achieves both out-of-band interference suppression and EM protection within the antenna itself. This design advances the integration of frequency-domain interference suppression and energy-domain protection. It should also be noted that the deviation between the measured and simulated center frequencies is caused in part by nonuniform substrate permittivity and fabrication tolerances, which reflects the sensitivity of narrowband antennas to structural parameters. In future work, a tunable mechanism may be adopted to develop a frequency-reconfigurable narrowband energy-selective protective antenna, so that frequency deviations can be compensated dynamically and the design robustness and environmental adaptability can be improved.
- Protective Antenna,
- Coaxial Feed,
- Narrowband,
- Shielding Effectiveness (SE),
- Integrated Electromagnetic (EM); Out-of-Band Interference Suppression

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References(17)

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