An Overview on Integrated Sensing and Communication for Low altitude economy

ZHU Zhengyu; WEN Xinping; LI Xingwang; WEI Zhiqing; ZHANG Peichang; LIU Fan; FENG Zhiyong

doi:10.11999/JEIT250747

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ZHU Zhengyu, WEN Xinping, LI Xingwang, WEI Zhiqing, ZHANG Peichang, LIU Fan, FENG Zhiyong. An Overview on Integrated Sensing and Communication for Low altitude economy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT250747

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ZHU Zhengyu, WEN Xinping, LI Xingwang, WEI Zhiqing, ZHANG Peichang, LIU Fan, FENG Zhiyong. An Overview on Integrated Sensing and Communication for Low altitude economy[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology. doi: 10.11999/JEIT250747

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An Overview on Integrated Sensing and Communication for Low altitude economy

doi: 10.11999/JEIT250747 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT250747

Funds: Sponsored by Program for Science & Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province (No.23HASTIT019), Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (No.232300421097)

Received Date: 2025-08-12
Accepted Date: 2025-11-03
Rev Recd Date: 2025-11-03

Available Online: 2025-11-11

Abstract

Abstract

With the development of the Low-altitude Internet of Things (IoT), the Low-altitude economy has gradually become a national strategic emerging industry. Therefore, the Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) for Low-altitude economy can perform more complex tasks in more complex environments, laying the foundation for improving the security, flexibility, and multi-application scenarios of drones. This paper provides an overview on ISAC for Low-altitude economy. Firstly, it summarizes the theoretical foundations of the ISAC and Low altitude economy is, and the advantage of ISAC for Low- altitude economy are discussed. Then, it investigates the potential applications of 6G key technologies, such as covert communication, millimeter wave (mm wave) in the ISAC for Low altitude economy. Finally, the key technical challenges of the ISAC for Low altitude economy in the future were summarized. Significance The integration of UAVs with ISAC technology will offer considerable advantages in future developments. By implementing ISAC, the overall system payload can be minimized, greatly enhancing UAV maneuverability and operational freedom. This integration provides strong technical support for versatile UAV applications. Equipped with ISAC, low-altitude network systems can perform increasingly complex tasks in challenging environments. Unlike single-function UAV platforms, those incorporating ISAC benefit from synergistic improvements in both communication and sensing capabilities. As a result, ISAC-enabled drones are expected to see expanded use in fields such as aerial photography, agriculture, surveying, remote sensing, and telecommunications. This growth will further accelerate the advancement of relevant theoretical and technical frameworks while broadening the scope of ISAC applications. Progress ISAC networks for the low-altitude economy provide efficient and flexible solutions for applications such as military reconnaissance, emergency disaster relief, and smart city management. However, the open aerial environment and dynamic deployment requirements introduce multiple challenges, including vulnerability to hostile interception due to limited stealth, signal obstruction in complex terrains, and the need for high bandwidth and low latency. In response, both academic and industrial communities have been actively investigating technologies such as covert communications, intelligent reflecting surfaces, and millimeter-wave communications to enhance the reliability and intelligence of ISAC in low-altitude operational scenarios. Conclusions This paper provides a systematic overview of the current applications, critical technologies, and ongoing challenges associated with ISAC in low-altitude environments. It examines the synergistic integration of emerging 6G technologies—including covert communication, RIS and mm-Wave communications—within ISAC frameworks. In response to the highly dynamic and complex nature of low-altitude operations, the study also summarizes recent advances in UAV swarm power control algorithms and covert trajectory optimization based on deep reinforcement learning. Furthermore, it highlights key unresolved challenges such as spatiotemporal synchronization, multi-UAV resource allocation, and privacy preservation, offering valuable directions for future research. Prospects ISAC technology provides highly precise and reliable support for applications such as drone logistics, urban air mobility, and large-scale environmental monitoring in the low-altitude economy. Nevertheless, the large-scale deployment of ISAC systems in complex and dynamic low-altitude environments still remains challenging. Key obstacles include: suboptimal coordination and resource allocation in UAV swarms, spatiotemporal synchronization among heterogeneous devices, conflicting objectives between sensing and communication functions, as well as growing concerns over privacy and security in open airspace. These challenges represent major impediments to the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy.
- Low-altitude economy,
- Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC),
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV),
- Radar Perception

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References(90)

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