面向民用航空的非地面网络架构与关键技术

刘向南; 邱宇; 黄旨鹏; 张海君

doi:10.11999/JEIT260348

面向民用航空的非地面网络架构与关键技术

doi: 10.11999/JEIT260348 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT260348

刘向南^{1, 2},
邱宇³,
黄旨鹏^{1, 2},
张海君^{1, 2, ,}

1.
北京科技大学河北省空天地智能通信重点实验室北京 100083
2.
北京科技大学智能与通信融合北京市重点实验室北京 100083
3.
上海飞机设计研究院上海 201210

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(2024YFB2907304)，国家自然科学基金(6222510, 62501048, U22B2003, U2441227)，北京市自然科学基金(L253003, L241008)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘向南：男，特聘副教授，研究方向为6G移动通信和NTN网络

邱宇：女，工程师，研究方向为航空通信网络

黄旨鹏：男，研究方向为NTN网络

张海君：男，教授，研究方向为6G移动通信、B5G行业应用、NTN网络、数字孪生和人工智能

通讯作者:
张海君　zhanghaijun@ustb.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN927.23
计量
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-03-26
- 修回日期: 2026-04-28
- 录用日期: 2026-05-12
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-29

Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and Key Technologies for Civil Aviation

LIU Xiangnan^{1, 2},
QIU Yu³,
HUANG Zhipeng^{1, 2},
ZHANG Haijun^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Hebei Key Laboratory of Space-Air-Ground Intelligent Communication, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Communication Integration, Beijing 100083, China
3.
Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai 201210, China

Funds: The National Key R&D Program (2024YFB2907304), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (6222510, 62501048, U22B2003, U2441227), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (L253003, L241008)

摘要

摘要: 面向全球覆盖、高速移动、低延迟、高可靠的民用航空通信需求，近些年来正在蓬勃发展的非地面网络(NTN)显得愈加重要。在此背景下，该文回顾了面向民用航空的NTN技术发展历程，并追踪了国内外对民航NTN网络技术研究的最新动态。为了实现NTN网络更好服务我国民用航空这一美好愿景，分别介绍了NTN网络中的组网架构，接入和移动性管理以及新型资源管控等关键技术。首先建立了以低轨卫星与高空平台为枢纽的按需隔离的NTN组网框架，随后提出了以星历图为表征的接入和移动性管理技术，最后针对新型智能衍生的算存资源提出了面向民用航空的NTN网络资源管控方案。最后，该文也对面向民用航空的NTN网络关键技术的未来发展提出了展望。
- 民用航空 /
- 非地面网络 /
- 网络切片 /
- 移动性管理 /
- 资源调度
Abstract: Significance Civil aviation communication systems are entering a new stage of development driven by the rapid growth of global air transportation, the increasing demand for intelligent air traffic management, and the continuous expansion of in-flight connectivity services. Traditional civil aviation communication systems mainly rely on high frequency radio, high frequency radio, terrestrial air-to-ground links, and conventional satellite communication systems. These technologies have supported aircraft operation, air traffic control, airline operational communication, and low-rate data transmission for a long time. However, they still face limitations when applied to future civil aviation scenarios characterized by global coverage, high-speed mobility, low latency, high reliability, and service diversification. Particularly, terrestrial networks are difficult to deploy in transoceanic routes, polar regions, deserts, mountains, and remote airspace, while traditional geostationary satellite systems suffer from large propagation delay and limited capacity. Current systems cannot fully meet the requirements of continuous aircraft access, real-time flight monitoring, engine health data transmission, aviation safety communication, and passenger broadband services. Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) provide a promising technical path for overcoming these limitations. By integrating GEOstationary satellites (GEO), Medium Earth Orbit satellites (MEO), low Earth orbit satellites (LEO), Very Low Earth Orbit satellites (VLEO), High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS), Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAV), electric Vertical Take Off and Landing (eVTOL), and terrestrial infrastructures, NTN can construct a multi-layer air-space-ground integrated communication system. Such a system is able to provide continuous coverage, flexible deployment, resilient connectivity, and differentiated service support for civil aviation. NTN is becoming an important enabling technology for future civil aviation communication systems and for the digital and intelligent transformation of the aviation industry. Progress This paper reviews the development of NTN technologies for civil aviation and summarizes key research progress from three aspects: network architecture, access and mobility management, and resource management and scheduling. (1) We propose an aviation-oriented NTN networking framework composed of three layers: the satellite edge layer, the airborne core layer, and the terrestrial assistance layer. The satellite edge layer includes GEO, MEO, LEO, and VLEO satellites connected through inter-satellite links. GEO satellites are suitable for wide-area broadcasting and non-real-time services, MEO satellites can support navigation and intermediate-delay services, LEO satellites are suitable for low-latency and high-capacity broadband access, and VLEO satellites can further reduce propagation delay for future near-real-time aviation applications. The airborne core layer includes civil aircraft, HAPS, UAVs, and eVTOL platforms. HAPS can act as a regional relay, edge computing node, or software-defined control carrier, while UAVs and eVTOL platforms can provide flexible low-altitude coverage, emergency communication, and local access support. The terrestrial assistance layer consists of terrestrial base stations and gateway stations, which support air-to-ground communication and satellite-terrestrial interconnection. Civil aviation services can be divided into air traffic control and air traffic management services, airline operational control services, and airline passenger communication or in-flight entertainment services. Through network slicing, these heterogeneous services can be logically isolated and managed over a shared air-space-ground infrastructure. In congestion, rain attenuation, or shortened visibility-window scenarios, safety slices should be protected with the highest priority, while passenger service slices can be rate-limited, buffered, or degraded. (2) We analyze the characteristics of NR-NTN access and air-to-ground direct access in civil aviation. NR-NTN can provide continuous coverage for oceanic, polar, desert, and remote flight routes through satellites or HAPS, while air-to-ground direct access can provide low-latency and high-rate links in areas where terrestrial base stations can be deployed. However, aircraft differ significantly from ordinary terrestrial terminals because their flight trajectory, altitude, speed, and route are highly predictable. Therefore, the key issue in aviation NTN access is not only how to execute random access, but how to predict the access window, timing compensation, frequency offset, and target access node before the aircraft enters the coverage area. By using satellite ephemeris, Global Navigation Satellite System information, aircraft trajectory, and velocity parameters, civil aircraft can predict satellite visibility and pre-compute timing advance, scheduling offset, and Doppler compensation before initiating access. This transforms random access from a passive response process into a proactive and predictive access process, thereby improving access certainty and synchronization stability in highly dynamic aviation scenarios. For mobility management, a signaling interaction process for aircraft handover is designed. Based on trajectory prediction and satellite visibility prediction, the network can select a target satellite or gateway with longer residence time and better service capability. Before the aircraft reaches the handover boundary, the source and target network sides can complete context preparation, user-plane path preparation, radio resource reservation, and protocol data unit session update. When the handover condition is triggered, the aircraft performs random access to the target satellite or beam and then switches the user-plane path. This “prediction–preparation–fast handover” mechanism can reduce service interruption and maintain session continuity. For safety-critical traffic, priority and isolation policies should remain consistent and auditable throughout session preparation, handover execution, and path switching. (3)We discuss computing and caching resource management in civil aviation NTN. As onboard computing capability is limited and aviation applications generate increasing computing demands, NTN can provide mobile edge computing and caching services through LEO satellites, HAPS, UAVs, and inter-satellite cooperation. The paper introduces several computing offloading modes, including on-orbit satellite collaborative offloading, network-level integrated offloading, and cloud-edge-terminal hybrid offloading. These mechanisms can support tasks such as aviation monitoring, trajectory analysis, intelligent inference, and in-flight service optimization. In addition, caching mechanisms such as onboard satellite caching, inter-satellite cooperative caching, and named-data-networking-based content caching can improve content delivery efficiency and service continuity. Cache placement should consider content popularity, regional demand prediction, visibility windows, cache prefetching, and cooperative cache sharing among different satellite layers. Conclusions NTN can effectively complement traditional civil aviation communication systems by filling coverage gaps in remote and oceanic airspace, enhancing service continuity, and supporting differentiated aviation services. The proposed aviation-oriented NTN architecture integrates multi-orbit satellites, HAPS, UAVs, civil aircraft, and terrestrial infrastructures into a unified framework. The on-demand isolated slicing mechanism can provide differentiated protection for ATC/ATM, AOC, and APC/IFE services. Ephemeris-map-assisted access and predictive mobility management can improve access reliability and reduce handover interruption in high-speed aviation scenarios. Computing offloading and cooperative caching further enhance the ability of NTN to support intelligent and data-intensive aviation applications. Prospects Future civil aviation NTN should evolve toward deeper integration of low-altitude networks, space networks, and terrestrial networks. Cross-domain topology visualization, link-state sharing, policy distribution, and programmable logical networks are essential for improving controllability and scalability. In mobility management, integrated cross-domain handover mechanisms should be developed to cope with satellite beam switching, terrestrial cell handover, and air-to-air relay reconstruction. In resource management, communication, navigation, computing, and caching resources should be jointly scheduled and transformed according to aviation service requirements. With continuous advances in NTN architecture, network slicing, predictive access, mobility management, computing offloading, and caching, NTN is expected to provide more efficient, stable, and intelligent communication support for civil aviation and to promote the digital transformation of future air transportation systems.
- Civil aviation /
- Non-terrestrial networks(NTN) /
- Network slicing /
- Mobility management /

HTML全文

图 1 民用航空场景下的NTN网络组网框架

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图 2 民用航空应用场景下按需隔离的NTN组网框架

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图 3 基于星历图的民用航空器随机接入方案

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图 4 移动性管理信令交互图：切换管理以确保用户服务连续性

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图 5 民用航空下NTN网络的计算开销最小化架构配置

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图 6 以MEC激活率为指标的民航NTN网络计算卸载与调度策略

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图 7 民用航空下的NTN网络缓存架构选型

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表 1 本文缩略词汇总表

缩略词	英文全称	中文全称
AOC	Airline Operational Control	航空公司运行控制
APC	Airline Passenger Communication	航空乘客通信
ATC	Air Traffic Control	空中交通管制
ATG	Air-To-Ground	空对地
ATM	Air Traffic Management	航空交通管理
COO	Computing-On-Orbit	在轨计算
GEO	GEOstationary orbit	地球静止轨道
GNSS	Global Navigation Satellite System	全球导航卫星系统
HAPS	High Altitude Platform Station	高空平台
IFE	In-Flight Entertainment	机上娱乐
ISL	Inter-Satellite Link	星间链路
LEO	Low Earth Orbit	低地球轨道
MEC	Mobile Edge Computing	移动边缘计算
MEO	Medium-Earth Orbit	中地球轨道
NDN	Named Data Networking	命名数据网络
NTN	Non-Terrestrial Networks	非地面网络
PIT	Pending Interest Table	待处理兴趣表
QoS	Quality of Service	服务质量
UAV	Unmanned Aerial Vehicle	无人机
VLEO	Very Low Earth Orbit	极低地球轨道
eVTOL	electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing	电动垂直起降飞行器

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