可旋转混合式智能反射面通信的能效优化研究

张广驰; 郭翾; 王璐遥; 崔苗; 付豪

doi:10.11999/JEIT260119

可旋转混合式智能反射面通信的能效优化研究

doi: 10.11999/JEIT260119 cstr: 32379.14.JEIT260119

张广驰¹,
郭翾¹,
王璐遥¹,
崔苗^1, ,,
付豪¹

广东工业大学信息工程学院广州 510006

基金项目: 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2026A1515011208)，广东省科技计划(2022A0505050023)

详细信息

作者简介:
张广驰：男，教授，研究方向为无线通信与人工智能

郭翾：男，硕士生，研究方向为智能反射面

王璐遥：男，博士生，研究方向为无线通信与通感一体化

崔苗：女，副教授，研究方向为新一代无线通信技术

付豪：男，副教授，研究方向为通感一体化和无人机空地网络

通讯作者:
崔苗　cuimiao@gdut.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN929.5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-30
- 修回日期: 2026-04-23
- 录用日期: 2026-04-23
- 网络出版日期: 2026-05-16

Research on Energy Efficiency Optimization for Rotatable Hybrid Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-aided Communication

Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China

Funds: Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2026A1515011208), Guangdong Science and Technology Plan Project (2022A0505050023)

摘要

摘要: 智能反射面(RIS)作为第6代移动通信中的关键技术之一，主要通过智能重构无线信道来改善通信的服务质量。然而，传统固定式RIS在面对非正对信号时存在角度失配损耗和高电路能耗问题，难以满足绿色通信的低功耗要求。该文研究一种基于可旋转混合式智能反射面(H-RIS)辅助的通信系统，旨在通过联合优化基站发射功率、子阵列开关状态、物理旋转角度及电子相移以解决机械旋转与开关控制下的下行通信资源分配问题，实现频谱效率与系统功耗的有效折中。针对该非凸的混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)优化问题，该文采用基于块坐标下降(BCD)的交替优化框架进行求解：首先，提出一种基于信道贡献度的排序策略以降低二元开关变量的搜索复杂度；其次，利用Dinkelbach算法将原分式目标函数转化为参数化减式形式进行功率优化；最后，通过黄金分割搜索法迭代求解旋转角度与电子相移。仿真结果表明，所提方案能根据用户位置灵活调整H-RIS的面板朝向与激活规模，在保证通信质量的同时，能够显著降低系统冗余功耗。
- 旋转混合式智能反射面 /
- 资源分配 /
- 能量效率 /
- 开关控制 /
- 块坐标下降法
Abstract: Objective With the evolution of sixth-generation (6G) communication networks, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have become a promising technology for reshaping wireless propagation environments and improving spectral efficiency. However, conventional fixed RIS architectures face two main deployment challenges. The first is angle-mismatch loss, in which the effective aperture is reduced when users are located at large angles from the RIS normal. The second is the energy-consumption bottleneck caused by the cumulative power consumption of Radio Frequency (RF) circuits and static control elements in large-scale arrays. Existing studies often consider mechanical rotation and element switching separately. A unified framework is still needed to balance mechanical and circuit energy consumption with communication gain. To address these limitations, this paper investigates a Rotatable and Switchable Hybrid RIS (H-RIS)-aided downlink communication system. The objective is to maximize system Energy Efficiency (EE) by jointly optimizing the base-station transmit power, subarray activation states, physical rotation angles, and electronic phase shifts. Mechanical rotation degrees of freedom are used to compensate for path loss, whereas dynamic switching is used to reduce redundant power consumption and support green communication. Methods A joint optimization framework is established for an H-RIS-aided single-user Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) system. The system model accounts for the dynamic power consumption induced by mechanical rotation and the static power consumption of active subarrays. The optimization problem is formulated as a non-convex Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem with coupled binary variables for subarray activation states and continuous variables for transmit power, rotation angles, and phase shifts. To solve this problem, a Block Coordinate Descent (BCD)-based Alternating Optimization (AO) algorithm is proposed to decouple the variables into three subproblems. First, a channel-contribution-based ranking strategy is developed to address the exponential complexity caused by binary switching variables. Eigenvalue decomposition is performed on the cascaded channel correlation matrix to quantify the priority of each subarray, reducing the search space from exponential to linear complexity. Second, for the power-allocation subproblem, the non-convex fractional objective function is transformed into a parametric subtractive form by using the Dinkelbach algorithm and is then solved by the interior-point method. Third, for physical-rotation and electronic-phase optimization, the problem is decomposed into single-variable subproblems. A Golden Section Search algorithm is used to iteratively obtain the optimal rotation angle and phase shift of each subarray within bounded constraints, which ensures monotonic convergence of the objective function. Results and Discussions Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed H-RIS scheme against benchmark schemes, including “Only-Rotation” (always on), “Only-Switching” (fixed angle), and “Conventional” (fixed and always on). The simulation results under the maximum transmit power P_max (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) show that the proposed method achieves the highest EE across the full power range. In the low-power regime, the proposed algorithm turns off redundant subarrays when the rate gain cannot offset the circuit power cost. This strategy yields higher EE than the “Only-Rotation” scheme, which suffers from high static power consumption. The effect of user distance is also analyzed (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). The results show that the proposed scheme maintains high spectral efficiency comparable to that of the “Only-Rotation” scheme by dynamically adjusting the rotation angles to align with the Line-of-Sight (LoS) path. This adjustment effectively compensates for the angle-mismatch loss observed in the “Only-Switching” and “Conventional” schemes. In addition, the subarray activation pattern varies in a “U” shape with distance (Table 1), enabling flexible adjustment of array size and orientation according to the user-RIS geometry. Conclusions This paper proposes an energy-efficient transmission scheme for H-RIS-aided communication systems by integrating mechanical rotation with dynamic switching. A low-complexity BCD-based algorithm is developed to jointly optimize the transceiver design. The results confirm that mechanical rotation mitigates angle-mismatch loss, whereas the proposed channel-contribution-based switching strategy reduces redundant energy consumption. Compared with conventional fixed RIS architectures, the proposed H-RIS architecture provides a better trade-off between spectral efficiency and EE, offering a feasible solution for future green 6G networks.
- Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) /
- Hybrid RIS (H-RIS) /
- Energy efficiency /
- Switch control /
- Alternating optimization

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图 1 H-RIS辅助的下行链路通信系统

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图 2 不同算法的频谱效率随功率P_max的变化图

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图 3 不同算法的能量效率随功率P_max的变化图

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图 4 不同算法的频谱效率随用户水平距离的变化图

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图 5 不同算法的能量效率随用户水平距离的变化图

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1 基于BCD的能量效率最大化算法

初始化：输入信道矩阵$ {\boldsymbol{H}}_{\text{{B}{R}}},{\boldsymbol{H}}_{\text{{R}{U}}} $，最大发射功率$ {P}_{\text{max}} $，收敛容限$ \epsilon $，随机初始化旋转角度$ \boldsymbol{\theta } $ 和电子相移$ {\boldsymbol{\varPhi }} $，令迭代计数$ t=0 $
while $ \left\| {\eta }^{\left(t\right)}-{\eta }^{\left(t-1\right)}\right\| \gt $ 且 $ t\le I\mathrm{_{max}} $ do
• 基于当前物理旋转角度$ {\phi }^{\left(t\right)} $，更新等效级联信道
• 根据式(12)计算子阵列信道贡献度权重，生成优先级排序索引$ S_{\mathrm{sort}} $
• for 候选激活数量$ l =1 $to$ N\mathrm{_{sub}} $do
• 激活 $ {S}_{\text{sort}} $ 中优先级最高的前$ l $个子阵列，其余关闭
• 构建参数化Dinkelbach子问题，利用内点法迭代求解当前最优发射功率$ {\boldsymbol{w}}_{l} $
• 计算当前配置下的系统能效$ {\eta }_{l} $
• end for
• 选取使能效$ {\eta }_{l} $最大的激活状态$ {\boldsymbol{a}}^{\left(t+1\right)} $ 和功率$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{\left(t+1\right)} $
• 固定$ {\boldsymbol{a}}^{\left(t+1\right)} $ 和$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{\left(t+1\right)} $，利用黄金分割搜索法更新物理旋转角度$ {\boldsymbol{\theta }}^{\left(t+1\right)} $
• 固定其他变量，利用黄金分割搜索法更新电子相移$ {{\boldsymbol{\varPhi }}}^{\left(t+1\right)} $
• $ t \leftarrow t +1 $
end while
输出：最优波束赋形向量$ {\boldsymbol{w}}^{} $，旋转角度$ {\boldsymbol{\theta }}^{} $，电子相移$ {{\boldsymbol{\varPhi }}}^{} $ 及开关状态$ {\boldsymbol{a}}^{} $

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表 1 角度(绝对物理角度)与开关动态变化表

子阵列序号	初始角度(rad)	40 m	70 m	100 m	130 m	160 m
1	–1.1327	0.5411	0.4868	0.4655	0.4538	0.4468
2	–1.1327	0.5372	0.4828	0.4603	0.4503	0.4433
3	–1.1327	0.1784	0.4828	0.4603	0.4486	0.4416
4	–1.1327	0.3199	0.4849	0.4674	0.4576	0.4503
5	–1.1327	0.5353	0.4849	0.4603	0.4486	0.4416
6	–1.1327	0.5392	0.4830	0.4653	0.4518	0.4433
7	–1.1327	0.2793	OFF	OFF	OFF	0.4451
8	–1.1327	0.3456	OFF	OFF	OFF	0.4433
9	–1.1327	0.5324	OFF	OFF	OFF	0.4416
10	–1.1327	0.5411	OFF	OFF	OFF	0.4433
11	–1.1327	0.2897	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF
12	–1.1327	0.5353	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF
13	–1.1327	0.543 0	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF
14	–1.1327	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF
15	–1.1327	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF
16	–1.1327	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF	OFF

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