Abstract: For the frequency estimation problem of narrow-band multi-component signal, a frequency estimation algorithm based on the sparse decomposition is proposed, which simultaneously estimates the frequency of multiple narrow-band signal. Firstly, the pre-estimation is used to get the pre-estimating frequency by using the traditional method. Then the redundant dictionary is established by using the pre-estimating frequency to obtain a sparse representation of the signal. Finally, the precise frequency estimation is achieved by the matching pursuit algorithm. The algorithm can greatly reduce the length of dictionary and the computational complexity of sparse decomposition. The proposed algorithm can provide more accurate estimation results when updating residual vector by using the global information in an iterative process, and the performance is robust in lower SNR. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed algorithm.